Short Story Analysis

Short Story Analysis In this article, your motivation is to completely clarify a component (topic, portrayal or imagery) in a short story of your decision. I will give you instances of every component from stories by Hemingway, Updike and Vonnegut ; you may expound on any of these creators aside from the ones that we have talked about in class. Notwithstanding, you may decide to research a creator voluntarily. Underneath I have recorded some contemporary creators and story assortments you might need to look at: Jhumpa LahiriFlannery O'Connor Raymond Carver William Faulkner David Sedaris Tobias Wolff Ernest Hemingway John Updike Kurt Vonnegut Carolyn Ferrell E. Annie Proulx T. Coraghessan Boyle Melissa Bank John Edgar Wideman Jim Ray Daniels Kevin Canty Nathan Englander Amy Tan Z. Z. Packer Thom Jones Sarah Vowell â€Å"The Best of Non Required Reading† Series All-Story Magazine *If you pick a writer not recorded above, it would be ideal if you clear your decision with me befor e you start drafting. ___________________________________________________________________ Below re meanings of the three components that you can concentrate on for your examination. Portrayal †the making of the picture of fanciful people in dramatization, account verse, the novel, and the short story. Portrayal creates plot and is uncovered by activities, discourse, musings, physical appearance, and the other characters’ contemplations or words about him. Subject The thought or purpose of a story figured as a speculation. In American writing, a few subjects are clear which reflect and characterize our society.The prevailing ones may be guiltlessness/experience, life/passing, appearance/reality, through and through freedom/destiny, frenzy/mental soundness, love/abhor, society/individual, known/obscure. Subjects may have a solitary, rather than a double nature also. The topic of a story might be an emotional meltdown, or creative mind, or the duality of mankind (inconsiste ncies). Imagery An individual, spot or article which has an importance in itself yet proposes different implications too. Things, characters and activities can be images. Anything that recommends a significance past the obvious.Some images are customary, for the most part meaning something very similar to all perusers. I. e: white= virtue, fire=passion/power, Spring=rebirth Short Story Analysis Requirements You will finish 2 short story examinations for this unit; you will pick 2 of the 3 components (topic, portrayal or imagery) to concentrate on. You may do the third component for additional credit. In this paper, compose as though your crowd is curious about with the story; along these lines, you may need to do some synopsis of the story and give some foundation so you conversation would be reasonable to your audience.Here is the thing that you will requirement for this exposition: 1. An incredible title that makes your peruser aware of the substance of the conversation. 2. A full presentation where you present the title of your story, the author’s complete name, and your theory about the story. 3. A multi-section body in which you clarify the significant component you are concentrating on (subject, portrayal or imagery). 4. Solid changes that move the peruser easily through the conversation. 5. An abundance of proof from the story as plot synopsis and citation that SHOWS what you are stating is valid. . Incidental references to show where your citations originate from. 7. A Works Cited page demonstrating where you discovered your story. 8. A recommended all out length of at least 500 words (barring Works Cited, title, and so forth ) 9. A legitimate tone that shows an exhaustive comprehension of the story being referred to and the specific component being investigated. 10. A decision that gives a feeling of conclusion and leaves us with a solid idea or perception about the story or its themeWithout Politics: An Analysis of Symbolism in Ernest Hemingwa y’s â€Å"The Old Man at the Bridge† Masterpiece. We will in general abuse that sobriquet today, yet Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"The Old Man at the Bridge† is surely meriting. Set during the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway’s story is a showstopper of brevity and verbal economy, and the situation of the unprotected elderly person who is â€Å"without politics† plainly exhibits the author’s judgment of the silly mercilessness and ruinous tendency of present day war (Hemingway 79).In this short look at war, Hemingway meshes a few significant images into the story to upgrade his topic and point out the grievously amusing highlights of war’s capacity to annihilate even the most blameless animals afterward. The story’s most evident image is simply the extension. The anonymous elderly person of the title has strolled more than six miles from his home in San Carlos and now ends up depleted at the foot of the scaffold over the Ebro River. There he is met by the storyteller, a scout for the counter extremist powers, and cautioned to move along. Sadly, the elderly person is too drained to even consider journeying any further.On the most distant side of the extension lies Barcelona, which emblematically speaks to the chance of security and shelter. On the close to side, just certain pulverization anticipates as the elderly person was cautioned to clear his old neighborhood in light of the looming shelling by extremist big guns. To put it plainly, the scaffold represents the final turning point for the elderly person: on the off chance that he traverses, he might be protected yet he should surrender all that he knows and adores in San Carlos; in the event that he stays, nonetheless, he will doubtlessly share the destiny of his cherished creatures he thought about in San Carlos.The inconspicuous creatures are additionally significant images in Hemingway’s story. The elderly person tells the storytel ler that he thought about â€Å"two goats and a feline and afterward there were four sets of pigeons† (Hemingway 79). Thinking about the creatures is the old man’s sole reason and satisfaction throughout everyday life, and on the grounds that he doesn't have the solidarity to carry them with him to wellbeing, he has needed to desert them. Their destiny inconveniences him. He tells the scout, â€Å"The feline, obviously, will be okay. A feline can pay special mind to itself, however I can't figure what will happen to the others† (Hemingway 79).When the storyteller attempts to guarantee him that the fowls will likewise be fine, the elderly person says, â€Å"Yes, absolutely they’ll fly. In any case, the others. It’s better not to consider the others† (Hemingway 80). Obviously, the creatures are for the most part that the elderly person is considering, and their security is more critical to him than his own. In contrast to the warring groups, t he elderly person feels sympathy for the individuals who are not prepared to endure the enormous pulverization going to be unleashed.Also, the various creatures had the option to live respectively calmly with the old man’s care and love, yet the two human militaries, unexpectedly, can't. The criticalness of the old man’s winged creatures is uplifted when the storyteller inquires as to whether he left â€Å"the dove confine unlocked† (Hemingway 80, my accentuation). By alluding to the pigeons as birds, the storyteller is implying the conventional imagery of the pigeon as a feathered creature of harmony and blamelessness. In such a situation of contempt and savagery, these images of harmony have no spot and should â€Å"fly† or confront death.Their excellence and delicate nature are not fit for endurance under such conditions, similarly as any individual who represents harmony will have no impact on the slaughter to come. The storyteller additionally calls attention to that the story is determined to Easter Sunday, a Christian occasion intended to observe Christ becoming alive once again. The incongruity is obvious; nobody will become alive once again, just join the dead, when the shells start to pour down and the skies clear to permit the extremist aircraft to make their runs. Easter is emblematically seen as an exceptionally envisioned, welcome time of resurrection, reestablishment, and conceivable change.For the elderly person at the foot of the extension, this Easter brings just unavoidable demise and the obliteration of all that is significant to him. At long last, he most significant image in the story is simply the elderly person. His emblematic blamelessness is seen when he tells the storyteller, â€Å"I am without politics† (Hemingway 79). The unarmed elderly person doesn't have a place with either side and he has no enthusiasm for taking an interest in the contention. He is 76 years of age and has scarcely enough soli darity to make it to the extension; he unmistakably represents no danger to anyone.Even in this way, his destiny is clarified when the storyteller inauspiciously reveals to us that the flashing postponement of the up and coming besieging â€Å"and the way that felines realize what to look like out for themselves was all the good karma that elderly person could ever have† (Hemingway 80). Since the Spanish Civil War was a forerunner to World War II and made the world aware of what revulsions would lie ahead for blameless men, ladies, kids, and creatures everywhere throughout the planet when the contention spread, Hemingway gives us what befalls the honest and the frail in this new brand of absolute war.There is no spot for sympathyâ€beyond making the elderly person aware of continue moving and perhaps hitch a ride to Barcelona, the storyteller doesn't make a special effort to support the helpless elderly person. Since the elderly person can't help in the war, he is an obstru ction, as is feeling any exorbitant feeling for him that may take away from performing one’s military obligation. The scout attempts to console the elderly person that his creatures will be fine, however he isn't going to go recover them for the old man.He exhorts the elderly person to cross the scaffold, yet he won't move the elderly person himself. All things considered, he has the â€Å"business† of war to keep an eye on (Hemingway 78). This is as much consideration and sympathy as possible expect, and it is not even close to enough to guarantee endurance. At long last, Hemingway catches the brutality and boorish nature of war. Amusingly, he does as such without a solitary shot being discharged or one drop of blood being spilled in his story of an anonymous elderly person at an overlooked bridge.His images are deliberately positioned and inconspicuously created, permitting perusers to concentrate on the terrible destiny of

Responses to Fruits and Vegetable Carving - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theResponses to Fruits and Vegetable Carving for Asian Recipe. Answer: Before a natural product is cut, the basic materials required for the cutting procedure must be set up. The way toward cutting requires all the devices prepared since there are a few stages which are included. With devices set it up will assist with experiencing all means with interruptions(Asian Recipe.com, 2016). One of the sorts of cutting included is the cutting of the skin. During this procedure, the external skin is uncovered via cutting the natural product to get the plump part. In the situations where a natural product contains layers of various hues between the skins, the structure ought to be made to guarantee there is a differentiation between the two sections. The other piece of cutting is cutting in measurements which help in cutting the organic product according to estimations. While the natural product is in the hand of the carver, he ought to guarantee that the procedure associated with the plan is done in a cautiously and realistically(Asian Recipe.com, 2016). Drenching of leafy foods is critical since it makes them spotless and sound for human utilization. One reason with regards to why vegetables ought to be drenched is to guarantee that they are exceptionally perfect. This is on the grounds that the herbicides which stick on the vegetables can adequately be wiped out by splashing. Drenching additionally relax the vegetables to be devoured as through splashing; the vegetables are restored and get tasteful. Drenching them additionally guarantees that they keep going for a more drawn out period. Absorbing aides boosting their flavor since vegetables can assimilate the liquid(Hendricks, 2015). Different contemplations ought to be guaranteed before picking organic products or vegetables before cutting. Right off the bat, it ought to be guaranteed that they have not overripe, have a skin that is smooth and new. Picking spoilt organic products may not offer ascent to the ideal result. Vivid natural products ought to likewise be chosen to look appealing and eye-getting subsequent to cutting. Furthermore, organic products to be cut ought to be washed and dried for refrigeration to guarantee that they stay new and to make cutting simple. Blades to be utilized in cutting should be impeccable and furthermore sharp. Ultimately, organic products to be cut ought to be taken care of with incredible consideration by the carver(Chemko, 2014). In the wake of absorbing the pumpkins water, they ought to be expelled quickly from water to guarantee that they don't get spoiled. Expelling them from the water assists with wiping out the microbes which accelerate decaying. Where refrigeration isn't accessible, a few greens can be wrapped utilizing towel since it as a rule retains the dampness that is in overabundance. In the event that the leaves are left to hold the dampness, they may get ruined without any problem. Berries can likewise be washed with heated water. This aides in the executing of the spores which makes the natural products to stay new for long. Natural products, for example, tomatoes can likewise be placed in a bowl that has a towel lining. This will assist them with retaining their flavor and remain tissue for a more drawn out period(Pham, 2012). The most mainstream organic products that have been utilized for cutting are pineapples, strawberries, watermelons, apples, oranges, and melons. Especially, watermelon cutting was is as yet an ideal thought. The cutting of watermelon can be followed back to China where natural product cutting is accepted to have begun. Regularly, the external pieces of the melon are cut and the mash rejected. This forgets about a void which can be utilized as a food holder or to put blossoms. Watermelon cutting is likewise well known in Thailand. A legend in Thai is renowned for having enriched a lamp with a melon cut with bloomed intended to dazzle the sovereign. There are different contemplations related with food platter. The individual ought to guarantee that the food is gotten without any problem. This guarantees the visitors can serve themselves separately without meddling with the smorgasbord introduction. It ought to likewise be guaranteed that the platter is easy to improve consistency in the setting up of the smorgasbord. Appealing and sturdy things ought to be utilized when setting the platter. On the off chance that metals are utilized they leave a few tastes. This will demolish the entire smorgasbord; along these lines great decisions on metals to be utilized ought to be finished. It ought to likewise be noticed that food ought not be expelled in the wake of putting the food in a plate since this may cause smears and the food won't be alluring as proposed. In this way plans ought to be started before making the courses of action of the platter by drawing it down on paper(Johnny's Kitchen, 2017) Steel is the best metal to be utilized for making cutting blades; this is on the grounds that steel is a blend of carbon and iron. Different components, for example, chromium are helpful as they oppose oxidation forestall erosion as well. Because of the expansion in the degrees of carbon, this solidifies steel and increment in the opposition of wear(Keller, 2015). Utilizing this instruments ensures the wellbeing of organic products being readied. There are different variables which ought to be viewed as when picking natural products. The primary nature of the organic products that ought to be considered is the nature of the organic products. The organic products picked ought to be of high caliber to last more. Also, natural products ought to be new and delicious. Natural products picked ought to likewise be vivid improve their allure. It ought to be guaranteed that the shade of the natural products put on the platter is acceptable and engaging. In conclusion, the smell of the natural products ought to likewise be thought of. Natural products with great fragrance should, along these lines, be chosen(Top Dreamer, 2013). References Asian Recipe.com. (2016, June 26). Organic product Vegetable Carving. Recovered from Asian Recipe.com: https://www.asian-recipe.com/techniques/natural product vegetable-carving.html Chemko, S. (2014, March 6). Step by step instructions to Prepare for Fruit and Vegetable Carving. Recovered from Thai Creations.com: https://thai-creations.com/2012/04/how-to-get ready for-products of the soil cutting/ Hendricks, J. (2015, February 26). Is Soaking Raw Fresh Vegetables in Water Good or Bad? Recovered from https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/dousing crude new vegetables-water-great awful 11920.html Johnny's Kitchen. (2017, September 13). Cold Platter Preparation. Recovered from https://www.johnnyskitchen.us/cooking-procedures/cold-platter-preparation.html Keller, M. (2015, January 28). The Best Steel for Woodcarving Knives. Recovered from https://whiteeaglestudios.wordpress.com/2015/01/28/the-best-steel-for-woodcarving-blades/ Pham, D. (2012, May 30). 6 Ways to Keep Your Fruits and Veggies Fresher for Longer. Recovered from https://inhabitat.com/6-approaches to-keep-your-foods grown from the ground fresher-for-longer/ Top Dreamer. (2013, March 18). Intriguing Ideas Fruit and Vegetable Art. Recovered from https://www.topdreamer.com/fascinating thoughts leafy foods craftsmanship/

Institutions and Business Strategy - 1100 Words

Institutions and Business Strategy (Essay Sample) Content: Introduction The rapid technological advancement and globalization have resulted in a similarly rapid growth of the existing and emerging economies. As a result, companies; new and existing, are trying their level best to match up as they face the challenges regarding market entry. Various companies are employing different entry strategies in order to make it in the perfect way and fit. However, the question of what determines a foreign market strategy remains unanswered since no particular entry strategy has been recognized as the Universal approach. Before deciding on which entry strategy to adopt, a company has to take into consideration some other factors, and institutions are amongst them. However, some companies have a lot of focus on their internal resources and capabilities (). Of course, that is important but might not be beneficial minus consideration of other factors. Definition of the term "institutions" in the context of business strategy Even though they are just commonly known as the "rules of the game," many economists have come up with the best definitions of the term "institutions" in line with business strategy. Of all the other meaningful definitions, this paper adopts the definition by Richard Scott that explains institutions as the regulative, normative, and cognitive structures and activities that provide stability and meaning to social behavior (Peng et al 2009, p.64). In an attempt to make this definition sound more clear and relevant in the context of business strategy, it is further supported by the similar definition by the world bank. The world bank have it that "institutions" are sets of rules governing the actions of individuals and organizations, as well as the interaction of participants in the development process (). Therefore, to sum it up, institutions consists of rules, laws, and regulations that govern a body or an operation, in this case, the market entry. Therefore, institutions can be viewed at another angle as the humanly-devised rules affecting incentives, potentially determining the cross-national differences in prosperity. Having said that, it comes out clear that the institutions would at some given point affect business, company, or a country in international trade (). Most economists argue that many investors view that as not a useful framework for providing a solution or a resolution in the business arena. The notion stands that even if a strategy is put in place to come up with the best and an all-inclusive institution, there would still be losers and beneficiaries going by the institution. In an attempt to solve such a scenario, () talks of an efficient institution as the one which caters for both the losers and the gainers. For instance, he talks about the need to compensate the losers or the beneficiaries to impose their choice. However, in the real sense, losers are never compensated and would rather make all attempts to block the institution change that would be beneficial in the long run. This variation clearly shows why some societies adopt institutions that appear to be disastrous to the economic growth. This has been evident especially with the institutions that shape the incentives and determine the distribution of resources. As a result, the need of the society to participate in making the decision over conflicting situations becomes necessary. The role of institutions in a foreign market entry Whenever foreign companies enter the market of another country, the country has to identify and adapt to the hostà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s institutions. The institutions here do not only streamline the structure and operations of the foreign-based company but also points towards safeguarding the local similar companies. To survive and grow, the foreign companies or the multinational corporations (MNCs) have to balance their internal and the external institutional pressures (). Such companies would be subjected to two external institutions one from the home country and another from the foreign (host) country. However, the role of the institutions majorly is after conformity and survival of all the companies whether local or foreign. Going by the Crux of institutional theory, the set institutions guides a company in determining the best market in the world (). For instance, selection of appropriate market and environment for an operation depends on with the possibility of the firm to conform. With this, the institution would ensure that the company or the firm is a legitimate failure to which it cannot survive. These guidelines, therefore, puts the firm on course until it becomes adapted to the new market. Another role played by the institutions in determining the foreign market entry is on the knowledge of the international firm and adaptability. As illustrated by () whenever a firm enters a foreign market, the firm tends to be disadvantaged in various ways. The firm would be lacking the essential knowledge regarding various dimensions in the host country such as legal policies, political stand, social norms, and customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ preference. Therefore, the set of rules and regulation that forms the institution would act as a guideline that would eventually make it easy for the foreign company to adapt and do the right thing. Furthermore, just to make everything simple, most foreign companies do strategies their entry by involving an existing local company in the form of a partnership like a joint venture or strategic alliance. All these are done just to simplify the procedures stated out in the market entry institutions. Role of culture in shaping the institutions Culture is broadly viewed as the social norms and individual beliefs that contribute to the shaping of individual incentives. This interpr...

How customer loyalty can be increased - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6636 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Topic: How customer loyalty can be increased in the restaurant industry? The case of Nandos. Why customer loyalty is important? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How customer loyalty can be increased" essay for you Create order What Nandos is doing and how it can be better develop? Loyalty marketing, loyalty programs, how to manage it? Techniques? Benefits? Problems? Conclusion. Loyalty Marketing: Definitions Of Customer Loyalty The main change concerns in the organization of marketing activities are certainly one of the more remarkable doctrines marketing. The concept of traditional marketing put at the centre of its priorities the creation of a preference for the service, the needs and desires of consumers. The marketing approach, as observed in the theory and practice in recent years focused more on the notion of exchange and the relationship is the focus of analysis. More recent approaches of marketing focus on the customer and make the quality of the relationship the key to loyalty. Indeed, a quality relationship inhibits choice and represses the effect of preferences. Thus, the relationship with the client becomes a primary concern managerial and academic. The market-oriented generates necessary behaviours to create superior value delivered to customers (Kohli and Jaworski 1990) and place the interests of the client first (Deshpande et al. 1993) for a continue satisfaction, permanent, which undergone constant refinement. This satisfaction is no longer about the only service provided by the company, but includes elements of the relationship, such as trust and commitment. For this, we seek an ongoing relationship and oriented in the long term in the context of a relationship marketing (Dwyer, Schurr et Oh 1987, Sheth et Parvatiyar 1994) and in this context that develops loyalty policies (Dawkins and Reichheld 1990). Kyner and Jacoby (1973) define loyalty as follows: Loyalty is defined as a behavioural response bias because non-random (not spontaneous) expressed over time by an entity decision, finding one or several brands taken in an overall, according to a decision process.In this definition, loyalty requires: A repeat purchase behaviour resulting from several background variables and complement each other; A positive attitude of consumers that must be controlled or directed. This attitude reveals a favourable perception towards the brand, service, differentiating it to the loyalty from routine behaviour. For others loyalty rooted quality and delivered on the positive gap between perceived expectations and post-purchase evaluation. For Shapiro and Varian (1999) loyalty is to the consumer when efforts to change brand, product or supplier are too large to expect a significant gain change. The authors of this school of thought attempt to explain loyalty by exit barriers that prevent a kind of free choice of the client (a client may be considered faithful to a company only because it has characteristics of geographical proximity). Another school of thought on the loyalty is that which gave birth to the management of customer relationship management (CRM) with the emergence of ideas of Life Time Value. It aims to analyze the lifetime value of its current contribution but also on the basis of its potential to better allocate the resources of the company. It is now for an analysis in terms of portfolio of clients (each client has a value for the company that can be measured by the margin gen erated). Customer loyalty can be defined as the tendency of a customer to choose one company or product/service over another for a particular need. Customer/s can be described as being brand loyal because they tend to choose a certain brand of product more often than others. Customer loyalty is evident when it is the customers who make choices and take actions. Customer may express high satisfaction levels in a survey with a product or company, but there is a big difference between satisfaction and loyalty (Kumar (2008). Loyalty is shown by the actions of the customer, who can be satisfied and still not be loyal. The satisfaction with the product is ultimately a condition for loyalty. In fact, satisfaction is necessary for loyalty but not sufficient. It is true that the satisfaction is not only based on the product and service but also the relationship with the staff. Satisfaction towards the product concerns intrinsic attributes: quality, features, design, durability, benefit. Ultimately, th e quality-price emerges as a global assessment. The service specifically covers guaranteed delivery, solving problems and handling complaints. It introduced the relational aspects of accessibility, courtesy, competence and communication. Experience has shown that the first reason why customers leave a company with whom they do business, is that they do not feel that their needs are important to the company, and vice versa for the remaining loyal to the company for a long time, they feel valued and important. This perception and feeling to be considered is the emotional bridge between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Ghaury and Cateora 2006). Companies use a series of programs as relationship marketing, Database marketing, permission marketing or customer relationship management (CRM). Loyalty has a direct effect on sales of a company, and even better on its profits. However, the increased level of loyalty stems directly from the attitude and behaviour staff to clients. Motivation staff is the most powerful vector loyalty which itself contributes to profits. Meanwhile, business processes influence largely on how the staff behave with customers. It is in the interest of the company to develop a long-term relationship with clients where both parties benefit each other. It is much less costly for the company to keep its existing customers than to seek new ones. The scale of customer loyalty has 5 types of customers starting with: Suspect: A suspect is someone who comes across the companies promotion. They are a potential suspect for the company. Prospect: If the person is interested in the promotion they become a potential prospect. Customers: A customer is someone who purchases either the product or service. Clients: Clients are those who come back to the company. Advocates: Promotes the business on the companys behalf. They are so happy about the product/service that they tell others. (https://www.learnmarketing.net/ladder.htm Accessed on 02/08/2009) Marketing And Loyalty There are many definitions of marketing applying to loyalty programs. Several of them have focused these objectives in view of the value of the customer more profitable for the company. Today, programs and loyalty cards are found everywhere on standard credit cards, restaurants, etc Loyalty programs are widespread in all sectors that deliver goods or services used. They rely on marketing databases built from information from the loyalty cards that identify the client and record information about its behaviour. Their rules often refer to the use of methods from the traditional promotional techniques, encouraging consumers to increase and sustain their purchases in order to obtain a reward. In this context, they can be distinguished from the sales promotion of their defensive focus to longer term. The objective of the promotion is offensive, and when it stops, there is nothing that prevents consumers to come back to their old habits (Ehrenberg et al. 1994). In contrast, a loyalty progr am seeks to preserve market share by locking consumers through tangible benefits deferred (promotional techniques) or intangible (individualization, privileges, etc) and acts somewhat like a permanent promotion in the long term. The effectiveness of a loyalty program thus depends on its characteristics and tangible benefits but also intangible, that is to say, the expected value of the potential relationship that is likely to generate and develop. The consumer joining a loyalty program seeks, in making their purchases at shopkeepers, obtaining dividends, gifts. The trader in investing in this program seeks to seduce and imprison the consumer. This method, better known as retention, is actually a rather simple technique by which the consumer is faced with the efforts invested in the bonus points and is losing everything in case of abandonment of the program. A loyalty program is a relationship between the customer and the merchant in which, technically, the 2 parties have benefits. I n promoting their businesses, traders undertake several actions to attract customers. For the management of immediate rewards, they offer special discount store. By managing customer loyalty program, they offer rewards delayed. In contrast to the sales promotion where earnings appear at the same time as the cost or effort, this ratio is reversed in the context of delayed rewards, since an individual must first make an effort to more or less long term for earnings in the future. Investigations on human behaviour have shown that some individuals possess a strong motivation to engage in efforts leading to the award of future earnings (Atkinson 1957, Nicholls 1989). It is this aspect that loyalty programs appropriated in the construction of systems with delayed gratification the aim of managing the length of the relationship (retention) and discrimination. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-88). Curiously this strong motivation is akin to the quest for a reward. In other words, the effort is motivated by greed. Some experts say that consumer motivation fades over time as more becomes aware that the bonus is spaced in time, the more likely he become discouraged with the efforts required for obtaining the reward. (Meyer-Waarden (2002), P 2-89) Thus, programs must allow consumers to obtain the benefits of the program while also locking in this program. To counter this behavioural aspect, 2 types of programs are offered: proportional and landing. The first principle is to proportionately reward the best customers. The second system encourages them to consume more to reach the next threshold points providing more benefits. Thus, it offers a minimum of points to small unprofitable consumers, maximum points for customers who are very profitable, and few points to very large consumers who buy anyway. (Meyer-Waarden (2002). P. 2-89) Greed is thus increased to obtain a value of gift supported by the consumers effort. The number of points necessary for obtaining a reward is related to the amount invested in the market by the consumer. By cons, consumer choice to join or not this kind of program that demonstrates the lure of gain accessible to long-term investment requires not only money but also time. There are several types of loyalty programs. Some programs offer a specific product free after a number of agreed purchase (coffee, compact disk, etc..) Or reductions applicable on each purchase while the issuers of credit cards offer privileges such as trave l insurance and car insurance during a rental. Some cards also allow a percentage discount or return money. In practice the system of loyalty cards is simple. It is generally sufficient to consumers to use when buying the card issued or accepted by the merchant to qualify for benefits. The card companies also offer credit to their customers bonus points programs. Unlike cards issued by participating merchants, using credit cards leads automatically, no matter where it is used, the accumulation of points and can sometimes match the accumulation of these points to another program loyalty. It is important to mention the strategy department stores growing strongly consumers use their credit cards to earn double the points they would get by paying cash or get loyalty points better at the price of an interest rate up to 28.8%. More specifically, programs that offer frequent flyer points accumulated encourage consumers to use the card as often as possible when making purchases to earn poin ts available for every penny spent, which will be redeemable against products or services available through a catalogue of premium or cons of coupons or discounts available with designated partners. (Benavent. Christopher. and Lars Meyer-Waarden. 2001. Loyalty Programs: Strategies and Practices). Some loyalty card segment their customers by offering them the opportunity to pay an additional fee to join an enhanced program that offers them a better ratio spent pounds / points accumulated. The holders can be considered as incidental to their privileged relationship with the issuer of the card. From the outset, the consumer, by joining the loyalty program, provides data that feed the database of the issuing company. Subsequently, all transactions for which the loyalty card is used by the consumer are stored in this database comes to prepare a record of its habits. The program relies on both the declarative, where the consumer fills out the questionnaire affiliation, but also on buying behaviour, thanks to its history. (Frenove, A.S. Hivet, N. Joly, P and Josquin, C. 2003. Topic: The Ethics of supermarkets). The ultimate goal of these programs, in addition to customer retention is to allow traders to analyze the data collected in order to increase the value of the customers shopping cart. The Concept Of Customer Life Cycle And Types Of Loyalty The Concept Of Customer Life Cycle: One of the key concepts of customer-oriented marketing is the life cycle dynamics of the customer, based on the idea that the flows of revenues and costs vary over time as requirements change in customer / business relations, contrary to the classical analysis and static demand. The first feature of the approach is that it is done individually and not aggregated, underscoring again the importance of marketing database, made possible thanks to the performance of information technology. Another interesting aspect is that the analysis is performed dynamically. The main idea is that the opinion of a client may occur more or less intense, and we can assume that it is forming a cycle. Practically, these cycles represent changes in purchasing power, but also modes, changing preferences, the phenomena of learning and forgetting. These cycles depend on several factors: the first is age. During the aging characteristics of opinion trends, tastes and attitudes can occur. Aging is characterized by a higher loyalty, more conservative, more risk aversion. Another factor is the generation based on the assumption that successive generations have value systems and own beliefs relatively distinct from others. This generation effect partially covers the different types of experiences. This manifests itself in innovative behaviours that vary with the gap between innovation and generation. This management based on cycles of life is clear to solve three problems: acquiring the customer, maintain, expand consumption and profitability. According to Dwyer, Schurr and Oh (1987), in the sense of relationship marketing, the life cycles of the relationship between a brand, product and a consumer have three distinct phases characterized by changes over time the amount used: (1) initialization or acquisition, (2) maturation or development and (3) breaking. The beginning of the cycle is quite understandable and is in customer acquisition, with a time of discovery of the other as a potential partner. Both parties calculate the attraction of the relationship, the costs and benefits of continuing it. Marked by the process of adoption and learning, this phase is characterized by a positive rate of consumption growth, but with high costs. In a second phase, presumably the consumers level of consumption stabilizes after having fully explored the use of the service. The expectations of the relationship and its benefits are confirmed, which leads to a continuation trade and then the notion of commitment, which results in the ignorance of competitive offers. Incomes of the company increase first and then level off as costs decrease. Finally, a third cycle is where a revival / reactivation, retention or separation from the client must be considered because the contribution weakens. The decrease in sales of service may occur at any time or gradual ly, indicating a process of wear or a more brutal, reflecting the substitution phenomena. Indeed, the dissolution occurs when the unmet expectations of increased transaction costs, the weakening of the switching costs of changing needs. Both partners must make a trade off between the benefits and costs brought by the relationship to decide whether or not its continuation. Any company engaged in the marketing approach dynamic client needs to adapt its strategy according to these phases. Three types of strategies should be considered in terms of life cycles that match: 1) The customer acquisition, 2) The loyalty and customer retention, 3) And the augmentation of customer loyalty which represent a real challenge. Abandonment is considered when the costs of retention are higher than income generated by the client. (Abandonment=Costs loyalty Income generated by the client). Once the company has determined the position of the life cycle by customer segment, it becomes clearly evident that this strategy must lead to an individualized approach to lead to a balanced allocation of resources. The problem is that each individual has a different value each time t for the company, which requires segmentation based on the potential and value of customers. Types Of Loyalty Customer loyalty is the result of well-managed customer retention programs. Before developing these successful programs, its important to know there are two types of loyalty: behavioural loyalty and the emotional loyalty. Behavioural loyalty is the loyalty to a brand demonstrated by repeat sales and responses to marketing campaigns by the customer. He behaves exactly like the company wants, by purchasing good or service. Behavioural loyaltys measures include response rate to direct marketing to the customer base. Emotional loyalty is the loyalty to a brand driven by favourable perceptions, opinions and giving recommendations. The customer feels empathy and attachment to a company or brand and he is willing to recommend it around him. It is better for the company if the customer has the both types of loyalty, but when its not the case specific strategies are developed to achieve both. (Chauffey, Chadwick, Mayer, Johnston (2006)). Benefits Of Efficient Customer Loyalty Management First, a loyal customer will continue its purchases over the years. Its purchase volume should also normally increase simply by economic growth and inflation. It should accept offers for complementary products and additional (Cross-Selling and Up-Selling). In any event, transaction costs should not increase proportionately. Consequently, they will decrease as a percentage of the cost and improve profitability (Kumar (2008)). Finally, a satisfied customer refers an average of 3 customers should in the best case follow the same progression. A study by the Harvard Business School published in the journal of the same name, shows an improvement in the percentage of loyal customers by 5% per year for 5 years to double, not sales, but profits.(CRM Odyssey Inc (2003)www.crmodyssey.com Accessed on the 09/08/2009 Another benefit from customer loyalty is it creates allow to the company to protect its markets from competitors; the more the customer is satisfied, the less he will be to buy to another product or service to the competitors. Automatically barriers are created against the competitors trying to enter in the market(s) (Ghaury and Cateora (2006)). Finally the word of mouth behaviour of loyal customer increase brand awareness. Customer share their positive feelings and experiences with their friends, family or mates when they are loyal to the company or product. They still purchase to the company and recommend it to others. It means a reduction of advertising cost; the money can be used to boost the word of mouth by making strategies to reward loyal customers. Reichheld goes even further in 1996 in his book The effect of loyalty by writing: the benefits of loyal customers are increasing over time and can recruit new consumers at reduced cost by using the legal Customer faithful because it is supposed to be a good speaker for the company. It also shows in his work as a loyal customer makes purchases more often, he tends to buy for a higher amount and is less sensitive to the variable price. He becomes a captive of the company and therefore gives a kind of barrier to entry for potential competitors. The work of the TARP (Technical Assistance Program Reseach) supports these observations. They show that winning a new customer returns four to five times more expensive than keeping a customer is already active. Jones and Sasser (Jones 1995) focused on the relationship satisfaction / loyalty and showed a sense of satisfaction may not necessarily result fidelity as a loyal customer may nevertheless want to take advantage of a promotion with anothe r supplier, test another product or refer to another offer. By cons, they also show a sense of dissatisfaction may cause disloyalty if dissatisfaction is not taken into account by the company. These gains must obviously be taken with caution because they rely heavily on industries. There is however no doubt that customer retention can benefit a significant leverage effect on profitability. The main reasons are: lower costs for customer acquisition, the net margin updated on the life of the customer to cover these costs; reduced management costs, a loyal customer knows the business better and less prone to use his front office to make purchases (reservations) effect of recommendation; Increased revenue per customer The Cost Of Lost Customers: A defensive marketing is cheaper than an offensive marketing, which often requires a direct confrontation with the competition. The cost of keeping a customer is five times less than the cost of converting a prospect, and it can cost up to sixteen times more to achieve with the new customer, the profitability of a customer acquired. So its the rate of customer retention rate that is essential, and not the attraction. The company must carefully monitor the defection of customers and minimize the amplitude. There are four stages: Define and measure retention. This may be the reuse of the services. Know the different reasons for discontinuation, and identify those which can be remedied. Estimate the lost profit per customer lost. Calculate how much it would reduce defections. Profitability: We have already mentioned the theory of Reichheld and Sasser that a company can improve profitability by 25% to 85% by reducing its rate of defection by 5%. Thus, loyal customers are often more profitable than occasional customers. Specifically, in the service activities and the Business to Business, customers of a company tend to increase their purchase from the company as they know it and appreciate it better. A positive word of mouth: In many cases, loyal customers of a business will spontaneously promote to their surroundings, and become, through word of mouth, very effective recruiters because disinterested and credible. For all these reasons, the loyal customer service of a company is considered a real capital, called the customer capital. Retention and its challenges: This new focus puts the customer and his control in centre of our concerns. Given the incredible proliferation of professional works in the field, it seems essential to discuss strategic issues and objectives of retention, by reviewing customer orientation and loyalty policies to give a definition and a clear positioning of loyalty. The retention strategy: Loyalty, recognized as indispensable goal of any customer relationship strategy, not confined to mere promotional programs: Some rules must be respected. Rule 1: Be selective: Customers do not all contribute equally to the profitability of the company. Therefore, retention should be selectively adapting any loyalty action from an analysis of customer value. Rule 2: Propose an attractive loyalty offer and truly innovative. The loyalty offers are numerous, but not all have the same impact. The company can arbitrate according to its objectives between different options: Immediate benefits often focus on value and price (price preference ); Privileges, providing intangible benefits to customers (priority systems, assistance ); Rewards delayed in time, seeking to establish lasting relationships with customers the most profitable and likely to extend their relationship with the company. Whatever the choice of the selected offer, interest for customers is based on five attributes, determining its overall perceived value: The perceived value of any premium or net worth; Attractiveness; Accessibility through time; The freedom given to the customer in the choice of options; Simplicity of the offer. Rule 3: Anticipating the costs: The need to assess the costs in advance of any approach to loyalty is essential. Too often, a company focused on profits resulting from the proposed strategy, without taking into account the costs generated before and repeatedly. These costs may be related to both the growing number of customers affected, and ways and means of dealing with relationships with clients, sometimes completely new to the company. Rule 4: Consolidate and exploit customer information: The challenges that the company have just highlighted described the need to build its strategy of strong customer loyalty for the company. Two main lines of action are considered: The opportunity to integrate operational databases (sales / billing, marketing ) in a baseline. The interest of exploiting every opportunity to contact customers to gather information about them. This database will allow the tracking of the customer relationship over time, and identification of customer profiles profitable and unprofitable, which will determine the choice of targets to retain. Problems Linked To Customer Loyalty Difficulties In Marketing: Obtaining a good efficiency requires a good understanding of customer behaviour and causes of abandonment. One must distinguish the causes of termination which are inevitable (and often unpredictable) from other, more or less predictable and can be combated. The causes are unavoidable, for example: a change of personal or professional lifestyle, financial problems, death Preventable causes are: inadequate tariff, a history of poor service and complaints. The challenge is to build something, based on information often dispersed. In anticipation of the termination for inadequate tariff, must be able to say what was the invoice for each client if they had chosen the optimum rate? How much would he have saved? From what current difference between invoice and optimum bill is there a risk? To anticipate the claims for termination, you must classify all types of call to customer service (there are easily hundreds) and identify those that increase the probability of termination. We must also take account of differences in behaviour related to age, family status, and place of residence and recover to the extent possible this information. Difficulties In Management Retention also poses problems of management, for example the coexistence of a culture of acquisition and a culture of loyalty: In a young market, corporate culture is naturally directed towards the acquisition. This orientation manifests itself in several ways, for example, budgets are allocated primarily to sales, what is important here is the market share of sales. In these circumstances it is difficult to make a place to loyalty because it is cultural opposition on both fronts: its budget is in competition with the acquisition, because what is important here is the retention of customers and not flow of customers. Difficulties In The Organization: When the market is young, the sales should be focused on conquering, the measure of the rate of effectiveness is still difficult, and loyalty is part of the Marketing. Then improving customer knowledge, customer service records terminations, understand the causes, loyalty becomes profitable and worthy of large budgets, customer service becomes legitimate to ensure loyalty. In consumer, all sale actions are public, as far as loyalty is confidential. Loyalty is indeed a clear competitive advantage. It allows to keep or to take market share in all discretion. Confidentiality is necessary for a second reason: do not create perverse behaviour on the part of customers, who know the rules of the game could benefit for future benefits. (Jean Baptiste COUMAU and Henri WIDMER, La Jaune et la Rouge,2002) Rejection Of Customers: The approach of loyalty can lead to bias by virtue of its objectives: there is concern that the benefits accorded to consumers more loyal to the product or service concerned and not the enterprise. There is a risk of great loss of power marketing consent. Moreover, the strong competition leads to a generalization of loyalty operations that can not only cause fatigue but also a rejection of the approach by customers. The multiplicity of material resources such as loyalty cards generalized in various companies in portfolios causes both a reaction to the trivialization of operation for the customer and a loss of power to the business on target. The implementation of a loyalty operation is tricky: the company must choose carefully because the target must be loyal customers, those holders of profits. This targeting is difficult and requires the development of a database of well-informed. This base is also used to monitor quantitatively and qualitatively loyal customers. These are consider ations of costs related to these investments in information that may be a limit. (Fotso Tagne Achille Rostand, La fidelisation client https://www.ougagner.fr/fidelisation.html Accessed on the 09/09/2009) Means And Factors Influencing Loyalty Factors Influencing Loyalty If they are well structured and well implemented, customer loyalty programs cited above can bring measurable benefits to the company that would stand out positively of competition by reducing costs and in the same time increase its income. This situation is favoured by: Attracting new customers; A high retention rate of existing customers for a long period; Increasing the frequency of visits by the existing customers; Increasing expenditure on new and existing customers; Making customers in good conditions so they feel appreciated and satisfied then they promote products or services through word of mouth around them. (Memberson (2008) https://www.memberson.com/Loyalty/CustomerLoyalty.aspx Accessed on 01/08/2009) Some factors are essential to create and maintain the Customer loyalty. Showing 6 success factors that make some companies have a large number of loyal customers: Serve todays buyer: Today customers are much smarter, more demanding and better informed with easy access to information. They know the difference between a regular and exceptional service and where they will be better treated. Develop staff loyalty: businesses that have a high rate of customer loyalty also have a high rate of staff loyalty. This correlation is explained by the fact that loyalty is not just created by a good product or service but also by the interaction between customers and staff. They know the tastes and preferences of customers who feel less frustrated knowing they are in good hands. Thus it is very difficult for a company to provide a quality if its rate of staff turnover is high. Knowing what is important for the client: Knowing what customers want and then how perfectly satisfy them is the key to build a strong loyalty. But it is very difficult to meet customer tastes as often its change and evolve rapidly. So it is very important to invest in customer loyalty research to see what value is important in the product or service for the customer. This investment will do research and then direct marketing efforts effectively to maintain customer loyal to the company. Apply the Kano Model with every customer contact: Kano model recognizes that the value of the customer experience has three dimensions: basics, expected and unexpected. The unexpected is issued if it is above of the value that the customer expected. Always go beyond the expectations of customers is a great way to constantly retain customers. Practice the 80/20 Rule: Pareto principle also applies to customer loyalty. Thus we get that 80% of the companys revenue is generated by 20% of customers. It is obvious that there is inequality in the customers of a company that can provide some more value than others. Thus specific segmentation is expected and treatment to different segments must follow. Leverage your customers life cycle: customers become loyal to the company at some point; knowing that the desires of customers are changing, it is very important to understand their current desires and then bring customers to a higher level of loyalty. (Jill Griffin (1999) How to win customer loyalty race https://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/1999/12/13/smallb3.html Accessed on the 06/07/2009) Establishing customer loyalty through loyalty programs and other means is very important for firms because it serves as a means to build relationship with their customers. A fresh approach should be taken when designing and implementing loyalty programs. Programs should be designed to maximize both the behavioural and attitudinal loyalty of customers. Customer segmentation can be used as a powerful tool to implement efficient, well directed marketing effort. The Means Of Loyalty: Relationship Marketing: The Relationship marketing aims to build a lasting relationship between the company or brand and the customer, identified individually. It revolves around two central concepts: The individual: the relationship marketing uses targeting techniques, allowing to know consumers and to meet their expectations of personalization and individualization. The relationship: the sale is no longer the end point of the commercial approach but in the context of a temporal relationship between the vendor and client. The one-off transaction (and profit in the short term) disappears in favor of the concept of relationship (and profitability in the long run). The Relationship marketing is an approach derived from industrial marketing (Business to Business) where the number of clients is often reduced, thus easier to manage in a business relationship very individualized and specific, and where customer / business relationship requires detailed knowledge. The relational approach illustrates the rise of micro marketing focuses on the relationship with the individual instead of the traditional relationship often dehumanized and enriches the human content of the marketing mix. This perspective contributes to reinforce the importance of the brand, the value of the connection it represents towards its customers. We can distinguish five levels of relationship: The basic level: the company sells its products or services to its casual customers but never contact them. The level reagent: vendor encourages the buyer to contact him for any problems; The responsible level: the vendor calls the customer some time after the product or service provided to verify its satisfaction. Any suggestions for improvement or dissatisfaction are registered; The level proactive: the vendor calls the customer from time to time to soak up their reactions and suggestions on the quality of product. Partnership: the company is in constant contact with the client to improve its productivity. Most of the time a company is only the first level: for example, it does not call each customer to learn from their reactions. At best, the company will be responsive in setting up customer service complaints. Conversely, when a company is dealing with a handful of customers, the partnership is essential. Between these two extremes, all other forms of relationship marketing meet. The best relationship marketing today is guided by the information technology (databases, email, websites ). Financial stimuli: The two stimulants most commonly practiced are loyalty programs and clubs. Loyalty programs are designed to reward customers who order often and much the products or services of a company; Many companies have established clubs around their activities. The club membership is obtained when purchasing the first product or against payment of a fee. However, these programs are easy to imitate and differentiate low supply company. Social stimuli: The idea is to get closer to customers by personalizing the relationship with them. Thus, some companies are customizing all contacts with customers. We may establish in general the following distinction between clients and good clients: Customers can be anonymous, not good customers. Good customers are insulated from the mass of consumers. They are treated individually. A single client can be served by anyone, while a good customer has often its own vendor. Satisfaction and loyalty are essentials purposes of the business relationship. They are indeed the two main post-purchase effects perceived by a customer as a result of the process of choice of brands, products, services, and business units. Customer Satisfaction Its a positive psychological state of an individual or a corporation, expressing explicitly or not his contentment. The assumption of linearity between satisfaction and loyalty is increasingly challenged by the authors because of the strong pressure of managers who have questioned the effectiveness of programs of satisfaction. Indeed, they have always wondered why the improvement of satisfaction has no proportional effect on the performance of the company despite theoretical assertions said Paul Valentine Ngobo. Edward Malthouse and his colleagues point out that: The key to give satisfaction and create customer retention and in long term to reap the benefits that can make these efforts is that to focus on developing products and services High quality. Satisfaction and customer retention are obtained by using special tariff reductions and obstacles generated by the idea of change, and other means of this type will probably not have impact even in the long term, on the profitability. (Malthouse, Oakley, Calder, and Iacobucci (2004) Customer Satisfaction Across Organizational Units, Journal of Service Research, P 231-242) Characteristics Of Satisfaction The evaluation mode has a client towards a product or service is based on a set of criteria to be identified. To see how to form his opinion on each of these criteria, we must define three characteristics of satisfaction which are: subjectivity, relativity and scalability. Satisfaction is subjective: Customer satisfaction depends on their perception of the companys services, not reality. Satisfaction is relative: Directly dependent on customer expectations, and thus by essence subjective satisfaction also varies depending on the level of expectations. How two types of customers using the same service under the same conditions they may have radically different opinions? Just because their initial expectations towards the product are not the same. The important thing is not being the best, but to be more responsive to customer expectations. It is therefore understood better the role of segmentation in marketing, whose goal is simply to identify groups of consumers with similar expectations in order to create an offer that is adapted. Satisfaction is scalable: In general, satisfaction is changing over time at two different levels, according to both expectations and standards, and the Lifecycle of benefits. (https://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:8rigbVRUJ:librapport.org/getpdf.php%3Fdownload%3D84+Fid%C3%A9lisation+et+satisfaction+du+client+au+coeur+descd=2hl=frct=clnkgl=fr Accessed on the 28/07/2009). Loyalty programs: There are many numerous loyalty programs. Based either on cards or on virtual systems, especially on the Internet, they are present in various sectors. New technologies now make loyalty programs available to everyone, the small to the large trader. They all aim to reward loyal consumers, which is more profitable than the occasional consumer. Indeed, the lucidity of marketing professor Jean-Marc Lehu attests: The cost of losing a client is more heavy and prospecting in order to acquire new consumers expose to increased competition in a market often saturated. (Jean-Marc Lehu, 1999, customer loyalty, Editions dOrganization, Paris, p.19) The prize awarded may take many forms, discounts, gifts, points that accumulate with each use and right to give gifts. On the merits, loyalty programs can both retain satisfied customers and recover dissatisfied customers. In the first case, two strategies appear; reward strategies, namely operations offering special incentives for large consumers (such as airline miles) and intensification strategies to increase the consumption of current customers of the Company (extra discount for a limited period in time, for example). A loyalty program can also be conducted for the implementation of a quality in after sales service and be especially useful to erase a bad customer experience by offering an individualized response. (Pierre Morgat, 1995, retain your customers, strategies, tools, CRM and e-CRM , Editions dorganization, Paris, p.115) A good loyalty program must retain a majority of satisfied customers and make up a minority of customers dissatisfied. Creating branding and development of networks can share costs and build strategic communities, both with companies in a competitive group identical or distinct. A survey of the French Review of Marketing (2004) also notes that 70% of loyalty programs adopt this approach. In a highly competitive economic environment conducive to lower purchasing power of consumers, customer loyalty becomes an issue at the heart of business concerns. Loyalty programs are intended to be attractive and become increasingly heterogeneous and complex. Profiling the restaurant (restaurant industry and after Nandos) The market (primary investigation) Conclusion and recommendation Crer un menu lectronique pour iphone et autres mobiles tlchargeable partir du site de Nandos, ou partir des stores. permettre la creation de forum dans le site nandos. Crer jeux pour phone 3eme generation, apparaitre dans les jeux Fidlisation Ensemble des techniques visant tablir un dialogue continu avec ses clients pour fidliser ceux-ci au produit, au service, la marque. La fidlisation repose aujourdhui sur une vritable gestion de la relation client. La fidlisation et la gestion de la relation client sont aujourdhui pour de nombreuses entreprises des priorits pour contrer la concurrence sur des marchs saturs.

Investigating Ethics And Clinical Practice - 814 Words

Examine Ethics and Clinical Practice The ethical issue that is currently making me rethink my actions is â€Å"standard lll professional competence and integrity 3.9 gifts† (American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 2001). One of my clients has me rethinking my actions in this ethical dilemma. This issue started about a month ago when we were in session, she informed me that she has an anxiety problem. I asked her what does do when she has these problems. My client informed me that she used to listen to a relaxation cd, but she lost it. My client told me that the music was sounds of raindrops and thunder. I asked her how this music helped her when she had anxiety issues. My client told me that she would listen to this music in her bedroom and her anxiety would dissipate. My client told me in our last session that her anxiety issues are getting worst, since she lost her music cd. I asked my client has she ever tried any other relaxation techniques, and she to ld me no. I printed out several different relaxation techniques for her to try when she experiences anxiety the next time. During our next session, my client informed me that some of these relaxation techniques seemed to work a little, but her music cd of raindrops seemed to work the best. I told my client that I will try to download some raindrop music for her. My client was so excited that I would do that for her. I ready did not think that this effort in helping my client would be an ethicalShow MoreRelatedEthics of Offshoring Novo Nordisk Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesTo: Anders Dejgaard From: Jennifer Tsai Subject: Ethics of offshoring Date: 05/23/2011 Critical issued of the appropriateness of conducting clinical trials in emerging countries has arisen over years. Being a leading company in biopharmaceutical industry, Novo Nordisk faces the critiques of whether it is justice to offshoring their clinical trials in developing economies. 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Importance of Critical Thinking for Students-Samples for Students

Question: How can critical thinking be learned and demonstrated by higher education students? Answer: This article is based on the description of how critical thinking can be linked with cognitive science. It provides a new and fresher perspective to the generalist specifist debate to make progress in the structure of interventions for teaching and developing critical thinking in the students. It describes the ways by which cognitive theories circumvent human tendencies toward less rational and less effortful thought. The article gives an insight how the cognitive science contribute in enhancing higher education teaching students to develop their critical thinking skills. The article described the methods of cognitive science in developing critical thinking in the students pursuing higher education. It suggests practices and principles to engage students in deeper critical thinking by examining skepticism, higher-order thinking, problem solving, metacognition and many more. This paper rejects the informal logic for critical thinking as it is too much biased and do not follow the cogn itive mechanism necessary for critical thinking. According to this article, the students can learn and demonstrate their critical thinking if it is taught with the help of cognitive science, though it is more difficult to implement the methods than the informal logic. It provides an idea, why there are limitations exist in learning of critical thinking and how it can be addressed. The paper presents an investigation under controlled laboratory condition after breaking down the components of critical thinking among the students. This paper identifies the importance of critical thinking for students pursuing higher education to make effective contribution in the global market. The first half of the article provides insight of the existing assessments and their psychometric qualities. It uses the critical thinking assessment to identify the challenges surrounding the current design and implementation of those designs. The second half on the other hand, uses the data and proposes the next generation critical thinking frame that needs to be implemented in order to help the students in learning and demonstrating in the world workplace. The article is of critical importance for the institutes that are planning to design or adopt an assessment of critical thinking. The institutes which already have an critical thinking program can also use this article to develop their current program for a better result and outcome. Contexts, structural features, item formats, task types and accessibility are discussed in the arti cle while designing the critical thinking of next generation. Advantages of the proposed framework is also identified and described in the article with assessment consideration. It clearly shows the complications of designing a new and better critical thinking assessment and demands the collaboration between domain experts, measurement experts, faculty members, assessment developers and institutions. An absolute need of coordination is required in this process of assessment development which is clearly identified in the article. From the above discussion, it can be concluded that both the article focuses on the next generation critical thinking approach that needs to be implemented in the higher educational institutions in order to develop the critical thinking of the students. It is crucial, as the students need a more critical thinking in the workplace and the present approaches has many loop holes that needs to be avoided. The first article can be considered more effective as it focuses on using the cognitive science to increase the efficiency of the present approaches. As the critical thinking is a cognitive phenomenon, use of cognitive science can have more impact in the future approach of learning and demonstrating of the students. References Lodge, J. M., OConnor, E., Shaw, R., Burton, L. (2015). Applying cognitive science to critical thinking among higher education students. InThe Palgrave Handbook of Critical Thinking in Higher Education(pp. 391-407). Palgrave Macmillan US. Liu, O. L., Frankel, L., Roohr, K. C. (2014). Assessing Critical Thinking in Higher Education: Current State and Directions for Next?Generation Assessment.ETS Research Report Series,2014(1), 1-23.

Walk of Privilege free essay sample

I would learn a lot about myself, but I really didn’t. Instead of learning I prefer to see it as I came to a realization about my life. And that was, that I am so very privileged, more then I had ever thought of before. â€Å"The Walk of Privilege† that I took in my Anth 280 class made me see how very lucky I am. While we as a class all started in the same spot, on the same line, we all ended up very far away from each other. Some of us ahead of the line, and some of us behind the line. While doing this exercise not once did I take a step back. I took fourteen steps forward though. Fourteen steps forward and no steps back is proving how privileged I really was. I learned that even though I thought I had it â€Å"rough† sometimes as a kid, there were so many people who had it much worse. We will write a custom essay sample on Walk of Privilege or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I saw that in my class. When â€Å"The Walk of Privilege† exercise was over and I was counting my steps backwards to the starting line a lot of my class was counting their steps forward to the starting line. That means that they just had so many more struggles then I would have ever imagined having in my life. Yet, we all have been accepted and are attending University of Illinois which is a nationally ranked school, and one of the best research universities in the nation. What did I learn about my classmates from our collective Walk of Privilege? Well I learned that I had an extremely easy life compared to some people. One question that stuck out in my head after our collective walk was the one about food. â€Å"If you ever had to skip a meal or were hungry because there was not enough money to buy food when you were growing up, take one step back. This was question twelve on our collective Walk of Privilege and when I saw a good group of my class step back a piece of my heart broke for them. This small discussion class of only 17 people grew to be a very vital and important part of my week. Even though we did not agree on every subject this group made me feel at home even when though I am so far away from home. Going to this class was something I looked forward to every week and to see how many people could not afford food at one point or another was very sad to me. Another thing I noticed was that some people in the class didn’t end up where I thought they would have. I had presumed that a couple of the girls that I had become close with would be up with me, further away from the starting point, but they weren’t. The two of them stuck close together, which I attributed to the fact they grew up in the same place, yet still they were not close to me. I have my personal opinions and thoughts as to why they were not close to me, but I don’t feel as if it is right or necessary to discuss the reasons why I presume they were not further away from the starting line. When I say the word America the first thoughts that come to mind are; united, we are all the same, pursuit of happiness, freedom, etc. But, after our collective Walk of Privilege I have come to realize that is what America used to represent but not so much anymore. How can we call ourselves united or one in the same when even in just a class of 17 there is such diversity. Much of my class is from the same state, Illinois, and even then they are all so different. America used to be a place where you could find freedom, and create your own happiness but now it is a place of such diversity, poverty, and corruption that it is nearly impossible to call us all one. An article that really puts this into perspective for me was, â€Å"Crack in Spanish Harlem: Culture and Economy in the Inner City† by Philippe Bourgois. In this article Bourgois writes on the cultures of Spanish Harlem and how once you are in the drug or sex business it is hard to get out, and that it is hard to get out of Spanish Harlem in general even if you aren’t involved in those businesses. The thing is, is that this article is written about a place in America. I know I didn’t grow up in a place anywhere like this. I grew up in a quaint little coastal town in Maine. This is why I can’t see America as united, or that everyone in America is â€Å"one in the same. † I pledge Allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. This is what our country and we as American’s are supposed to live our lives. Yet, in all of our readings I feel as if America is anything but indivisible. Privilege, opportunity, and life course, well these are all words I never thought I had in my life until I did the Walk of Privilege and read all the articles for class. I grew up in a middle class, white, Christian family, in an all white neighborhood, in the state of Maine, which was voted the most peaceful state to live in the past eleven years. I didn’t have a rough life, and I don’t have a sob story about how my parents were divorced and it was so hard growing up or anything. I learned I am so lucky, and that I should never take what I have for granted. Being 14 steps ahead of the We are a nation with 312,780,968 people. We all have different pasts, different futures, different religions, different races, and opportunities. The only common factor is that we are Americans. And yet we all take the Walk of Privilege everyday. It may not be that we take steps forward everyday or steps back. We may stand in place for a long time, but at least we are trying. Some of us end up way ahead of the starting line. This doesn’t mean we are better then those close to the line or far behind it. The people who are behind the starting line just had different battles then those more privileged. The fact that they are still fighting, and trying to find their happiness weather it be pursuing their education, or finding a better payed job, at least they are fighting.