Technology and Education Essay - 1035 Words

Technology and Education Technology has always influenced education, even when the most advanced technology available was a chalkboard. â€Å"In the early 1800s, a technological invention was introduced to classrooms that would prove to have a profound impact on teaching†¦.What was this technological wonder? The chalkboard![1]† Now, more than 200 years later, technology is still finding it’s way into the classroom, but in more modern ways. Some of ways that technology enhances today’s classrooms are through the appropriation of grant money to fund further research on technology in the classroom, the use of technology to increase civic awareness and through the use of Assistive Technology in helping the disabled.†¦show more content†¦In the past, these lessons were reserved for older students who, it was thought, could dredge through boring and dusty old books and court cases to learn about government. Today, however, students and teachers have a new source of information -the Internet. As more-and younger-students are accessing the Internet, new doors are being opened to teachers looking to instill civic responsibility in their pupils. However, as stated in Technology in the Classroom†¦ â€Å"There is so much information available that students can soon become overwhelmed or, worse yet, completely duped by Web sites that speciously appear to be accurate and honest sources (Braun 1997).[3]† Teachers, when instructing students to use the Internet, should show them how to search for material and critically review it in order to ensure that it is factual and honest. Another option is Webquest, â€Å"an inquiry-based curriculum design for online problem solving that has become very popular.[4]† Teachers who wish to utilize these resources can do so by having students look up laws and court decisions online and create presentations or recreate the court cases in order to illustrate their comprehension of the material, as well as sh ow their thoughts on the subject. Students today have options available to them that were never available before, both in the classroom and in the library.Show MoreRelatedEducation And Technology : Technology And Education946 Words   |  4 PagesEducation and Technology Technology has become a major component in the system of education. Technology and education in the U.S. has changed the way people learn nowadays. Being on the 21st century the lives of people have changed immensely due to a high increase in technology inventions. Communication definitely has evolved in so many ways with the newer technology being used. In the 1980’s an enthusiast named Seymour Papert predicted that computers would allow learners to construct and test hypothesisRead MoreTechnology : Technology And Education1702 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology and Education In today’s society, technology has become the world. Technology is shaping the world and many people are using it for its convenience. Technology has changed tremendously that it is now being incorporated into the educational system. Heidi Hayes Jacobs, an author and world renowned education leader stated that, â€Å"Teachers need to integrate technology seamlessly into the curriculum instead of viewing it as an add-on, an afterthought, or an event†. Technology should help enhanceRead MoreTechnology in Education690 Words   |  3 Pagescontroversial issues of education in the 21st century is technology. Educators and parents across the nation debate whether to let technology into classrooms. And if so, how? Technology should be introduced into education through the program most commonly referred to as BYOD (Bring Your Own Device). The idea of BYOD is to have students bring their own phones, tablets and computers to school. Technology is a much more engaging, and educa tional than standard supplies. Mobile technology exists all aroundRead MoreTechnology In Education825 Words   |  4 Pages Technology has revolutionized the human experience by changing the way one learns. Technology can best be defined as a tool that supports and promotes human learning. This can be seen through the usage of calculators, tablets (example: iPad), Smart Boards, video cameras, and, of course, the computer. These are all innovations that can have a profound impact on classroom learning. Although there are some schools that have a strict policy that technology should be removed from the modern day classroomRead MoreTechnology In Education1406 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology is such an intrinsic part of everyday life that it would be difficult to imagine society with it. In many ways, the prevalence of technology in environments such as homes, offices, hospitals, labs, and ________ is one of the defining aspects of the current, modern era. The frequent users of technological appliances would state t hat they make life easier, with the gadgets’ ability to process information quickly and present it in several acceptable formats. With all these benefits, it wouldRead MoreTechnology In Education717 Words   |  3 Pagesof using technology in a classroom are various. In today’s world, people use technology to have their work done for them. Technology has advanced so much that can have make our lives easier. In a classroom, teachers can instruct with entertainment, make students do their work along their classmates, a lot of learning styles and easy accessibility. Students dont have to worry about keeping up with their work and it can be easily accessed at any given time. Technology like iPadsRead MoreOn Education and Education Technology Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagestheir professors. Some of this online education software also allows for additional collaboration and learning tools. eLearning software is becoming increasingly important, and is nearly essential for modern education in the digital age. However, this technology is largely unrefined and as such, has problems; problems that can be overcome. Since the popularity and ubiquity of the internet, eLearning software has become relatively commonplace in the education world. An eLearning platform can be foundRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages Education has evolved tremendously over the past centuries. From one room school houses, segregated schools, to public and private schools, forms of education and how we receive it are always changing. In the past decade, technology has become a large part of education and schooling. Views on types of schooling and education are changing rapidly. Videos and articles can be found all over the Internet on basically any subject you can think of. Much of today’s schooling is done through online classesRead MoreTechnology Benefits Education : Technology2523 Words   |  11 PagesRyan James English 2/3/2015 Senior Paper Technology Benefits Education Technology is on the rise, as technology increases in the world and becomes the most used element students are still told to use the old style of learning. As a student myself technology would have been extremely beneficial to us as students making reports, essays, projects, and etc much easier. Students of the twenty-first century have the capability to use such technology, making schooling and learning a much more enjoyableRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Education And Education1820 Words   |  8 PagesMay, 2017. The Benefits of Technology in Education According to Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"If the children are untaught, their ignorance and vices will in future life cost us much dearer in their consequences than it would have done in their correction by a good education†(Vasudeva).Technology has impacted every aspect of most people’s life and education is no exception (Purdue). The education process has evolved as more people make use of technological devices and so education no longer starts or ends in

The Gambling Boom Of San Francisco - 1141 Words

Although, there weren’t as many tales of quick draw disputes over card games in San Francisco as the city had a reputation for fair games. In fact, the gambling establishments of San Francisco had an air of refinement as the card dealers were required to wear professionally attire. Also, San Francisco was one of the first cities in the west to feature female card dealers. According to the Annals of San Francisco: â€Å"Gambling was the essential amusement -- the grand occupation of many classes. Judges and clergymen, physicians and advocates, merchants and clerks, tradesmen, mechanics, laborers, miners, and farmers, all adventurers in their kind--everyone elbowed his way to the gaming table, and unblushingly threw down his golden or silver†¦show more content†¦The San Francisco Stock Exchange opened in 1862, just blocks away from the formerly legal gambling houses. This was an era of â€Å"stock jobbing,† in which unsophisticated investors made speculative short term bets on volatile mining and railroad stocks. These early era markets were notorious for rampant price manipulations duping many naà ¯ve â€Å"investors† out of all of their money. The portrayal of gamblers in popular culture began to shift after the Civil War. After all, poker was a common pastime among the troops. Thus, gamblers were no longer automatically typecast as lowlifes, according to Thomas Ruys Smith, author of Blacklegs, Card Sharps, and Confidence Men: Nineteenth-Century Mississippi River Gambling Stories. Smith noted that some novelists even started presenting their lead character as a charismatic professional gambler. This was a cultural shift and that dynamic was vehemently opposed by the most aggressive moral crusader of his generation, Anthony Comstock. Comstock was to vice what Joseph McCarthy was to communism. He was a postal inspector who lobbied Congress to pass the â€Å"Comstock Laws† in 1873, which made it illegal to send any â€Å"obscene† article, literature, or personal letter through the mail. The interpretation for â€Å"obscene† was very broad and the law was used for anything referencing contraception, abortion, prostitution, gambling, etc. Comstock was responsible the censorship of thousands of books and instigated

Epidemiology Of Suicidal Behavior Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The rate of posttraumatic emphasis upset in adolescence is higher than the rate of PTSD in maturity. PTSD is significantly associated with an increased hazard for self-destructive behaviour among striplings. Suicide is one of the top three causes of adolescent deceases worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Epidemiology Of Suicidal Behavior Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the United States suicide rates among young persons are much higher than rates for the general population. Despite the strong relationship between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour, precise causal tracts associating PTSD to suicide in striplings remains ill-defined. A batch of other interceding factors and variables normally present themselves with both self-destruction and PTSD, including co-morbid psychiatric upsets, exposure to different signifiers of injury and nerve-racking life events, household history of self-destruction, core neurobiological alterations, and mental, emotional, and physiological provinces like hyperarousal, impulsivity, and aggression. Because young person is such a critical phase of development, it is really of import that at-risk striplings are identified and referred for intervention. However, with many intervention challenges in these populations, effectual execution and usage of bar methods are of increasing importance. This reappraisal will foregr ound and critically analyse some of the most proved bar methods, including physician instruction, means limitation, and gatekeeper preparation, every bit good as others like public instruction runs and guidelines for the media, including those for telecasting, print media, and the Internet. Introduction: Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior and PTSD in Adolescents and the Need for Prevention Methods A 2010 study, utilizing the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, found the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in 10,123 striplings aged 13-18 to be 5 % ( and 7 % for those aged 17-18 [ 1 ] ) . A 1999 literature reappraisal found this figure ranged from 6.3-8.1 % for striplings, compared with grownup populations which exhibited figures every bit low as 0.8-1.2 % [ 2 ] . Post traumatic emphasis upset is significantly associated with an increased hazard for self-destructive behaviour [ 3, 4 ] , though this association has been much less researched than the relationship between self-destruction and other upsets known to be risk factors, like major depression and substance-use upsets [ 5 ] . One survey found that among striplings and immature grownups, aged 14-24, who made past self-destruction efforts, PTSD corresponded with a higher hazard for self-destruction efforts than any other psychiatric unwellness [ 6 ] . Adolescents are at a peculiarly high hazard for sing traumatic events [ 7 ] and developing PTSD as a consequence of these experiences [ 8 ] . This is particularly unreassuring because young person is a critical phase of development, and holding PTSD can impede ripening and individuality formation and lead to life-long shortages with necessary mental and emotional accomplishments [ 2 ] . Harmonizing to the World Health Organization ( WHO [ 9 ] ) , self-destruction is one of the top 3 causes of decease among those aged 10-24 old ages old. About 4 million striplings attempt suicide every twelvemonth and more than 100,000 of triers successfully take their ain life, ensuing in one young person self-destruction every 5 proceedingss around the universe [ 10 ] . Annually, self-destructions are responsible for 1.6 % of all deceases in the U.S. , but 15.6 % of deceases among those aged 15-24 [ 11 ] . Judging by the fact that self-destruction is highly hard to foretell in the clinical scene [ 12 ] , concentrating a great trade of attempt on forestalling self-destructive behaviour utilizing other methods is of the extreme importance. The intent of this reappraisal is to discourse and critically analyze bar methods for self-destructive behaviour in striplings with PTSD. The relationship between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour in striplings More than 90 % of young person self-destruction victims have at least one diagnosable psychiatric upset at the clip of decease [ 13 ] . 75 % of those with PTSD have other mental wellness jobs [ 14 ] . Co-morbidity of PTSD with other psychiatric conditions ( including temper upsets, substance-use upsets, and psychosis ) is associated with an increased self-destruction hazard and higher rates of self-destructive behaviour [ 5 ] . Depression is the most prevailing upset among young persons who have taken their ain lives [ 13, 15 ] . Take together, this might take one to see a few of the ( many ) possibilities of causal interaction between PTSD and self-destructive behaviour ; certain PTSD symptoms cause depression, which in bend leads to suicidal behaviour, or even that specific properties or symptoms common to all or some of the upsets mentioned above independently predict self-destructive behaviour [ 5 ] . However, with so many variables and hazard factors to take into history, the ca usal concatenation of events associating PTSD and self-destruction remains ill-defined. As a figure of surveies have pointed out, while about all self-destruction victims have at least one psychiatric upsets, most patients who have merely one or more psychiatric upsets ( without any other hazard factors ) do non really perpetrate suicide [ 16 ] . Thus, in mapping out possible avenues of causality between PTSD and self-destruction, all other hazard factors for self-destruction that might play a function must be taken into history. There is some grounds that PTSD can be an independent hazard factor for suicide [ 17, 18 ] . For illustration, a cohort survey of 1,698 immature grownups who grew up in Baltimore revealed a significantly increased hazard of self-destruction efforts for those who had PTSD compared to those without the upset and those who experienced a traumatic event without developing the unwellness ; and this increased hazard remained unchanged even after seting for some other noteworthy hazard factors, like depression and sex [ 17 ] . Research conducted by Mazza on 106 striplings in classs 9-12 revealed that PTSD symptomology was significantly related to an increased hazard of self-destructive ideation after seting for depression and gender [ 18 ] . Unfortunately, these surveies fail to command for a sufficient sum of associated hazard factors, like childhood sexual maltreatment, in order to govern out the effects of confusing variables that were n’t statistically analyzed in these surveies. It is besides possible that injury and nerve-racking experiences can take to suicidality without a mediating PTSD diagnosing. Traumatic and nerve-racking events, such as exposure to terrorist act and physical and sexual maltreatment have all been found to be risk factors for PTSD, self-destruction, or other self-destructive behaviours [ 19, 20, 21 ] . However, the Baltimore young person survey listed above [ 17 ] found that merely PTSD, and non traumatic experiences, independently predicted self-destruction efforts. Besides of of import note in this survey was the determination that PTSD caused by injury that involves attacking force was significantly associated with self-destruction efforts, whereas PTSD caused by injury that did n’t affect attacking force was non significantly related to suicide efforts. This determination may propose a differential association between self-destructive behaviour and the type of injury experienced. One manner of measuring the association between self-destruction and PTSD is to concentrate on some of the specific symptoms of PTSD that might be risk factors for self-destruction. One survey found that increased degrees of ill will, depression, and rousings were related to higher self-destruction hazard [ 22 ] . Hostility and increased rousing autumn within the hyperarousal bunch of PTSD symptoms. However, degrees of turning away ( avoidance bunch ) were negatively correlated with self-destruction hazard, taking the writers to speculate that turning away may function to decrease the opportunities of self-destruction ( 79 ) . In a longitudinal survey, Sourander and co-workers looked at a group of 580 striplings and found that those who exhibited aggressive behaviours ( which fall into the hyperarousal bunch ) at age 8 were significantly more likely to demo self-destructive behaviours ( specifically, suicide efforts and self-destructive thought ) 8 old ages subsequently, at age 16 [ 23 ] . Impulsivity has besides been documented to hold strong ties to both PTSD and self-destructive behaviour. For illustration, Kotler and co-workers found a positive association between impulsivity and hazard of self-destruction in patients with PTSD, as compared with matched controls, who showed no association between these two factors [ 24 ] . Given the fact that the bulk of self-destructive crises are ephemeral, unplanned, and associated with ambivalent feelings of whether to populate or to decease [ 25 ] , impulsivity seems to be an particularly strong nexus between PTSD and self-destruction. The re-experiencing symptom bunch has besides been positively associated with PTSD and suicide [ 26 ] . With respects to the efficaciousness of different get bying schemes, Amir et al documented that in PTSD patients, psychological get bying mechanisms like minimisation, function, and replacing were associated with lower hazard of self-destruction, and that suppression was associated with an increased hazard of suicide [ 27 ] . Other hazard factors for suicide include gender, a household history of self-destruction, and past self-destruction efforts. Men successfully complete suicide more frequently and be given to utilize highly-lethal agencies, as compared with females who attempt more self-destructions utilizing low-lethality processs [ 20 ] . A household history of self-destruction and old self-destruction efforts are two of the most important hazard factors for suicide [ 28 ] . A household history of self-destruction may increase the opportunity of developing PTSD [ 29 ] and old self-destruction efforts are potentially traumatising experiences in and of themselves. Having a household history of self-destruction or holding a history of self-destruction efforts can besides potentially lead to contagion-like effects. Contagious disease, a phenomenon by which interpersonal contact with self-destructive persons consequences in the spread of self-destructive behaviours ( with self-destruction methods frequently being mimicked or imitated ) , sometimes throughout full communities, is more common among youth than among those in other age groups [ 29, 13 ] . A particular type of contagious disease called the Werther consequence refers to copycat self-destructions spurred on by media coverage of people taking their ain lives. Media induced contagious disease effects will be discussed in item subsequently on. In footings of neurobiological underpinnings, injury, PTSD, and self-destruction are all associated with hyperactivity of the HPA axis [ 16, 29, 30 ] . Hyperactivity of the HPA axis is linked to traumatic experiences, like physical and sexual maltreatment, which can take to PTSD and depression [ 16 ] , which every bit mentioned, are all hazard factors for suicidality. Following injury and PTSD, dysregulation and overactivity of the HPA axis over long periods of clip can do terrible shortages in the emphasis response, and in consequence, render a individual overly-reactionary and sensitive to subsequent environmental stressors and unable to adequately suppress these fear-based reactions. This mechanism is normally referred to as sensitisation. Heightened activity in the amygdaloid nucleus and the corresponding increased emotional reactivity aid lend to sensitization [ 30 ] . PTSD is significantly associated with reduced hippocampal volume, enhanced feedback control of the HPA axis via hippocampal dysregulation [ 29 ] , neural decease or wasting, and damage of neurogenesis in this encephalon part [ 30 ] . Take together, this can take individuals with PTSD to over-generalize fear responses associated with their traumatic experiences to fresh environments or people and exhibit hypervigilance and nerve-racking reactions in even the safest of state of affairss [ 29 ] . These shortages cause symptoms related to both PTSD and suicide, such as weakness, aggression, negative outlooks, low-self regard, and self-destructiveness [ 16, 29 ] . Furthermore, impulsivity in PTSD and self-destruction is linked to shortages in the ability to suppress straitening or self-destructive emotions [ 6 ] which are associated with shortages in executive operation, every bit good as seratonergic and prefrontal cerebral mantle abnormalcies ( particularly the ventromedial prefrontal parts ) [ 16, 31 ] . Finally, it may be the instance that PTSD, self-destruction, and other associated conditio ns all portion a similar familial, epigenetic, and/or neurobiological sensitivity [ 16, 29, 30 ] . Prevention of self-destruction in striplings with PTSD: There has been a good trade of research conducted on suicide bar for the general population and besides some covering with suicide bar in adolescent populations, but none looking into bar methods tailored to suicidal striplings with PTSD. There are two general options when it comes to suicide bar: decreasing hazard factors for self-destruction or instance determination, which refers to looking for and placing at hazard individuals for referral and intervention [ 3 ] .A literature reappraisal by Mann found that the three most effectual bar techniques have proven to be means limitation, instruction of primary attention doctors, and gatekeeper preparation [ 33 ] . Meanss Restriction Means limitation refers to any steps taken to diminish entree to or handiness of self-destruction means [ 24 ] . Suicide triers tend to utilize specific, favorite methods, and when they are unable to achieve the agencies for these favored methods, they are less likely to do a suicide effort [ 34 ] . The chief justification for implementing agencies limitation steps is that the bulk of self-destructive crises and feelings of desiring to kill oneself are brief and transient, unplanned or unprompted, and frequently accompanied by assorted feelings of whether to populate or to decease [ 24 ] . Therefore, with more deadly means unavailable or unaccessible during this short window of chance, the self-destructive individual will either non travel through with the effort or usage less deadly agencies [ 24 ] . Given the grounds highlighted above, that impulsivity may function as a strong nexus between PTSD and self-destruction, means limitation seems as if it might be merely as effectual if a self-destructive crisis is spurred on by PTSD-related impulsivity or other PTSD symptoms associated with self-destruction mentioned above. Harmonizing to the CDC, the top three methods used by immature people in self-destructions are pieces ( 45 % ) , asphyxiation ( 40 % ) , and toxic condition ( 8 % [ 35 ] ) . One survey found that across the United States, suicide rates are higher for people populating in locations where there are more guns in places and that this association is most outstanding for striplings aged 5-19 [ 36 ] . In support of agencies limitation, surveies systematically show that go throughing piece control Torahs lead to decreases in suicide rates [ 37, 38 ] . For illustration, the passing of gun control statute law in 1976 in the District of Columbia led to a 23 % decrease in firearm-related self-destructions [ 37 ] . Similarly, gun control Torahs in South Australia led to important lessenings in self-destructions utilizing pieces, in comparing with other Australian provinces without similar gun Torahs in topographic point ( where there was an addition self-destruction rates [ 38 ] ) . For self-dest ructive striplings with PTSD, one potentially good hereafter avenue for research might be to concentrate on calculating out if PTSD caused by certain types of trauma lead to utilizing specific self-destruction means more frequently than others. For illustration, it seems sensible to believe that those that who experience gun-related injury might be less likely to take pieces as their agencies because they will likely seek to avoid any reminder of the injury at the hazard of triping reliving symptoms. The consequences of one survey already discussed above, which found that turning away behaviours were negatively correlated with self-destruction hazard [ 22 ] might supply some support for this hypothesis. Physician Education and Training: One of the most promising bar methods of self-destruction in striplings is to educate and develop primary attention doctors to better screen, place, and dainty patients with psychiatric upsets, every bit good as to mention such patients to mental wellness attention professionals [ 33 ] . However, an inordinate sum of doctors fail to place and efficaciously give support and intervention to patients with self-destructive dispositions and associated psychiatric upsets, like depression [ 15 ] . This failure to acknowledge depression and other hazard factors related to suicide may be a major ground why most self-destruction victims go untreated before taking their ain lives [ 33 ] . Physician instruction may be of peculiar importance in kids and young person because it is frequently the instance that doctors are a young person ‘s lone beginning of mental wellness attention service [ 39 ] . The bar of self-destruction in the primary attention puting can potentially be an highly effec tual method because about 75 % of all victims have contact with a doctor within a twelvemonth of self-destruction and about half of all victims have contact with a doctor within a month of taking their ain lives [ 40 ] . In one survey based in Australia, primary attention doctors took portion in a preparation workshop that was intended to assist them to break identify and efficaciously react to immature people at hazard for self-destruction. Despite the fact that the workshop merely lasted for one twenty-four hours, designation of self-destructive patients increased by 130 % [ 41 ] . Other surveies besides show that this bar method leads to decreases in self-destruction rates and increases in rates of placing those at an increased hazard for suicide [ 42, 43 ] . Doctors should test all striplings to measure get bying accomplishments and any ideas or behaviours, yesteryear and nowadays, which are associated with self-destructive behaviours [ 44 ] . With respects to our population of survey, doctors should besides be adept in testing for, identifying, and triaging striplings with PTSD ( and other upsets related to increased hazard of self-destruction ) . The Society for General Internal Medicine enlisted the aid of the American Association of Medicine and Psychiatry, the American Psychiatric Association, The American College of Physicians, and the American Academy of Physician in order to supply doctors with literature and guidelines to efficaciously name and handle psychiatric upsets normally observed in primary attention [ 45 ] . Furthermore, doctors might besides desire to measure which type of injury led to PTSD for different persons so as to understand turning away forms and to acquire a appreciation on which suicide methods might be most favourable for each person. Taking showing and assessment consequences into history, the clinician can besides function to organize a support system for the young person patients by opening lines of communicating with parents and other grownups and possible gatekeepers in the local community, including instructors, activity spouses, etc. [ 46 ] . In general, by organizing respectful, encouraging, and most significantly, understanding relationships with adolescent patients, primary attention doctors can open a much needed line of support for striplings in times of crisis or hurt [ 46 ] , which would be particularly utile for those self-destructive young person with co-morbid or peculiarly distressful upsets, like PTSD and depression. Screening instruments, which may concentrate on hazard factors for self-destruction or suicide entirely [ 33 ] , are valuable tools that doctors should use. These instruments faithfully lead to accurate acknowledgment of and significantly higher sensing rates of at-risk young person populations [ 47, 48 ] . Mental Health Care: Of all of the many assortments of therapies that are typically utilised in efforts to handle self-destructive people, dialectical behavioural therapy is the lone 1 that has continuously proven to be effectual in decreasing self-destructive behaviour in the grownup population [ 20 ] . Unfortunately, none of the research found on this subject has focused any attending specifically on self-destructive behaviour in striplings with PTSD. With specific respects to get bying schemes, clinicians should learn and promote PTSD patients to utilize get bying schemes associated with lower hazard of self-destruction in PTSD patients, like replacing, function, and minimisation, and to avoid those associated with higher hazard of self-destruction in PTSD patients, like suppression [ 25 ] . Harmonizing to Sher and Ganz, a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapeutics is likely to be the best intervention option for mental wellness professionals to give to striplings with PTSD [ 29 ] . Gatekeeper Training: Gatekeeper preparation refers to educating and developing grownup community members who communicate and interact with adolescent populations on a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours footing to acknowledge young person at hazard for self-destruction, assess their degree of hazard, and mention them to mental wellness professionals for intervention when necessary [ 33 ] . Gatekeepers can include those working in institutional scenes ( instructors, counsel counsellors, managers, prison and military functionaries, etc. ) , clergy and other spiritual professionals, constabulary, first respondents, nurses, and primary attention doctors [ 32, 33 ] . Unfortunately, many possible gatekeepers lack either cognition of the hazard factors for young person self-destruction or do n’t possess the appropriate attitudes or intercession accomplishments to efficaciously take action when needed. For illustration, a countrywide study of U.S. high school instructors showed that fewer than 10 % of all instructors felt that they could place at-risk pupils, and even amongst counsellors who possessed cognition of the hazard factors ; two tierces did n’t believe that they could acknowledge pupils at hazard for suicide [ 49 ] . It becomes even more of import to contrive gatekeeper schemes when one takes into history a determination by Wyman and co-workers: of a assorted sample of 2,059 8th and 10th class pupils surveyed with respects to help-seeking attitudes, those who mentioned a past self-destruction effort were much less likely than those without a past self-destruction effort to seek aid or believe that any school forces could assist them [ 50 ] . The cumulative literature on this subject has non yet proven gatekeeper preparation to hold an independent or important consequence on decreasing self-destructive behaviour [ 32 ] . However, there have been some studies that point towards positive effects of these preparation plans. A survey based in Quebec gave gatekeeper preparation to 43 grownup â€Å" assistants † who worked with young person populations. Within 6 months of the preparation day of the month, over 60 % of the assistants made an intercession with a self-destructive young person, and the grownups given the preparation attained increased intercession accomplishments and cognition of self-destructive behaviour as compared with 28 assistants in a control group who did n’t have the preparation [ 5 ] . Public Education Plans: Public instruction plans attempt to supply suicide consciousness information and inform the populace about hazard factors and designation schemes, every bit good as to assist cultivate appropriate attitudes towards suicide and self-destructive behaviour. These plans are frequently targeted at adolescent populations [ 13 ] and particularly in the school puting [ 28 ] . One survey looking at a school-based instruction run for striplings found that because of the intercession pupils were able to get by more efficaciously with emphasis and negative feelings like hopelessness [ 52 ] , which is a symptom associated with both PTSD and self-destructive behaviour in striplings. However, there is non adequate empirical grounds look intoing the efficaciousness of this method of suicide bar to do any definite decisions or recommendations [ 28, 33 ] . Such preventive intercessions can besides take to aim more specific at-risk populations like self-destructive striplings with PTSD by including inf ormation about placing persons in this population, hazard factors, and intervention options. Media Guidelines: As evidenced in the literature, the media ( print, telecasting, cyberspace ) can assist to ease decreases of young person self-destruction by supplying supportive advice and educating the populace or can hold potentially black results, raising mass contagious disease effects as a consequence of irresponsible coverage of self-destructions ( i.e. romanticizing or romanticizing self-destruction, or dramatising more deadly self-destruction methods [ 24, 33, 53, 54, 55 ] ) . Improper coverage can even take to the instruction of new or alternate suicide methods [ 24 ] , every bit good as draw attending to suicide hot musca volitanss [ 56 ] . In this context, the effects of contagious disease can be far more black than contagious disease via person-person contact in community and local scenes ( as already discussed [ 53 ] ) . Furthermore, there is good grounds that young person populations are at the greatest hazard to media-related contagious disease effects [ 54, 57 ] : Phillips and Carst ensen [ 54 ] reported that T.V. intelligence and characteristic narratives about self-destruction caused important additions in teenage self-destruction over the hebdomad following these broadcasts ( about a 7 % addition ) compared with grownup self-destructions that increased by less than half of a per centum. In add-on, broader coverage of these narratives by more intelligence Stationss led to higher Numberss of adolescent self-destruction. Media contagious disease ( besides normally referred to as the â€Å" Werther consequence † ) can in big portion be explained by societal larning theory [ 53 ] . In the instance of the Werther consequence, greater public attending can function as a wages to the perceiver and can show as longer continuance of coverage, greater sums of coverage [ 53 ] , and greater prominence of coverage, including front page arrangement or covering famous person self-destructions [ 58 ] . Furthermore, perceivers are more likely to pattern behavior off of others that they portion similar features with ( similar age or gender ) and maintain more attending on sing narratives that involve such people [ 59, 60 ] . For illustration, for up to 70 yearss after the screening of a hebdomadal series that depicted the railroad self-destruction of a 19-year old male pupil, the figure of railroad self-destructions were highest amongst the population of 15-19 twelvemonth old males ( with rates increasing by u p to 175 % ) , as compared to all other age/gender populations [ 60 ] . There are besides a few surveies looking into the possible relationship between PTSD and media effects. Research workers covering with 69 young persons in the 6th class who lived near Oklahoma metropolis when the 1995 bombardment took topographic point, but were non straight exposed to the event, found that indirect witnessing of the event via media beginnings was significantly associated with geting PTSD symptoms [ 61 ] . Another survey based in Ontario analyzing 143 undergraduate pupils ( aged 17-37 ) , looked at the PTSD symptomology related to media exposure to the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts. Media exposure was significantly associated with 2 of the 3 PTSD symptom bunchs, including hyperarousal and reliving symptoms, but was n’t associated with the turning away bunch [ 62 ] . Taken in visible radiation of consequences already mentioned, that PTSD symptoms like hyperarousal and reliving symptoms in youth lead to an increased hazard of self-destruction, it can be inferred tha t media coverage of certain events can function to rise these hazard factors even more and make an even shorter span between PTSD and self-destruction. As briefly mentioned above, if conducted in a responsible mode, media studies on self-destruction can hold potentially good effects ( the Popegeno consequence ) . The chief bar method for self-destructive contagious disease and other inauspicious effects of the media is supplying describing guidelines for media organisations to follow [ 33, 63 ] . Such guidelines may include turning away of sensationalizing or dramatising self-destructions, promoting self-destructive people to seek intervention and attention, and educating them about the hazard factors and effectual header mechanisms, educating those involved in the production and describing about contagious disease, turning away of lucubrating on particulars of suicide methods or hot-spots, and restricting the coverage and prominence of suicide instances and avoiding front page arrangement [ 53 ] . These guidelines listed are some that help to organize a set of national guidelines developed by the American Foundation for Suicide Pre vention [ 64 ] . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has besides released similar guidelines for media describing [ 65 ] . Although no research has focused on the efficaciousness of these specific guidelines [ 33, 53 ] , there has been some work done on others. For illustration, in Vienna, Austria self-destruction rates, and in peculiar, rates of metro self-destructions, increased dramatically after the metro system was put into topographic point in 1978. Elmar and Sonneck documented an 80 % lessening in metro self-destructions after guidelines were developed by the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention and spread via a media run in 1987 [ 66 ] . In another survey, after Swiss newspapers and magazines implemented a set of guidelines, research workers found that in comparing to before the guidelines, articles received less outstanding arrangement, were non as drawn-out, less sensational, and included less images [ 67 ] . Taking into history the surveies on media cove rage of PTSD, similar guidelines can be put into topographic point with minor add-ons to account for the hazard factors and symptoms associated with self-destructive striplings with PTSD. There have been comparatively few surveies looking to see if the cyberspace might hold a relationship with suicidality [ 68 ] . However, the cyberspace is of peculiar concern in visible radiation of the facts that societal networking sites can be utilized to distribute information in merely proceedingss [ 24 ] , there are suicide confab suites and web sites incorporating instructions for different self-destruction methods [ 33 ] , and about all immature Americans and striplings have internet entree to one grade or another ( with 93 % of all 12-17 twelvemonth olds and 89 % of 18-24 twelvemonth olds being online in 2009 [ 55 ] ) .. The most used societal media site, Facebook, reached 500 million registered users in 2010 [ 69 ] and in 2009, in general, societal networking sites were used on a regular footing by 73 % of teens, including 55 % of 12-13 twelvemonth olds and 82 % of 14-17 twelvemonth olds [ 70 ] . There is grounds that Facebook and other societal media sites may really function to increase societal support and hike mental well-being [ 71 ] and even halt or diminish self-destructive ideation in immature people and striplings [ 68 ] . One particularly unreassuring on-line locale is web sites devoted to advancing self-destruction by detailing information on self-destruction agencies and methods, of which there were found to be more than 100,000 in 1999 [ 72 ] . Other possible avenues for obtaining information about self-destruction include forums and self-help pages, in which other users can go forth remarks or feedback. In 2010, Ries [ 73 ] documented a instance in which a 24 twelvemonth old male poste d a remark on a forum about the purpose to kill himself. While some showed support and understanding, others egged him on. The immature adult male went on to kill himself. In footings of Internet-related PTSD effects, one survey found that amongst simple school kids who indirectly witnessed or heard about the 9/11 terrorist onslaughts via different media mercantile establishments, kids who saw or heard about it on the Internet reported more PTSD symptoms than those who witnessed the event by manner of telecasting or print media [ 74 ] . A recent cohort survey [ 68 ] conducted with 719 14-24 twelvemonth olds found that 59 % of participants saw or learned about suicide narratives on the Internet. Mental wellness information was besides attained from the participants. Although hopelessness and cognizing person who attempted or committed self-destruction at baseline were both extremely related to larning approximately self-destructions from societal networking sites, societal media was non related to additions in self-destructive ideation in these groups, proposing that these sites may really function to be effectual mediums for societal support and forestalling self-destructive behaviour. The same good effects were non observed with online forums, which were related to additions in self-destructive ideation, supplying grounds that forums may function to promote or ease self-destructive behaviour. The same goes for blogging, which was related to hopelessness. These consequences may bespeak that young persons with PTSD o r other mental wellness jobs associated with self-destruction may be best off sing societal media sites as opposed to forums or web logs. Like with other types of media bar, the Internet can besides be a medium used to adequately educate striplings about self-destruction, its causes, hazard factors, and intervention options. In order to battle the hurtful effects of suicide-promotion sites and other harmful locales, suicide-prevention web sites can be utilized to back up and steer suicidal young person to learn effectual header schemes and proper intervention options. Furthermore, mental wellness suppliers and gatekeepers like primary attention doctors and instructors can assist educate young person of the dangers and benefits of Internet usage ( 133 ) . Besides, as mentioned above, Facebook and other societal media sites may really assist to forestall self-destruction by leting support and counsel from friends and other people in one ‘s societal web [ 13, 71 ] . Finally, some signifier of media guidelines might assist to forestall the spread of contagious disease on the Internet. All of the bow mentioned bar opt ions can be utilized for self-destructive striplings with PTSD and/or other psychiatric conditions. Multi-dimensional Prevention Methods: Given the demonstrated efficaciousness of most of the bar methods discussed, it seems sensible to speculate that a more various, multi-dimensional self-destruction bar method, uniting all or some of these methods, might turn out to hold the best consequences of all. In a survey based in Nuremberg, Germany [ 76 ] both primary attention doctors and community gatekeepers ( clergy, help-lines, mental wellness attention workers, police officers, prison officers ) were given suicide bar preparation. Furthermore, media organisations ( T.V. , wireless, and newspaper ) were given guidelines to follow refering coverage of self-destructions in order to forestall imitator self-destructions and contagion-related effects. There was besides a public instruction run launched which organized talks for the general populace and enlisted the aid of public functionaries and assorted media mercantile establishments ( including a film dawdler and an internet web site ) to assist educate community members a nd wellness attention workers about depression ( which of class, is one of the chief hazard factors for self-destruction ) and to promote people with depression or depressive symptoms to seek aid. Result showed that over a two twelvemonth period, there was a 24 % decrease in self-destructive Acts of the Apostless ( which included completed self-destructions and suicide efforts ) , and that this decrease was important compared with the control part ( Wuerzburg, Germany ) that did n’t have the bar plans. In Wuerzburg, self-destructive Acts of the Apostless increased by over 7 % over the two twelvemonth span. More research needs to be conducted on such multi-dimensional attacks in order to come to any concrete decisions about the efficaciousness of this method compared with the other methods discussed. How to cite Epidemiology Of Suicidal Behavior Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Master in Professional Accounting

Question: Write an essay on Master in Professional Accounting. Answer: In this case study, it is described that Kit is a resident of Australia. In Australia, he works for an American company. His salary is also paid through an account which is opened in a bank of Australia named Westpac Bank'. In this bank, he has a joint account with his wife. Even though he has citizenship in Australia, he also has citizenship of Chile (Apps, 2008). Kit has a permission of dual citizenship that is why he has the citizenship of both Australia and Chile. Kit also purchases a house in Australia. Most of the time in the year, his wife resides there. However, Kit use to stay on the coast of Indonesia and only during holiday time he came to the house of Australia stay there for few days with his wife. Therefore, the main issue which is arising in this case study is whether Kit is an inhabitant or resident of Australia or not (Boxer, 2008). If he considered as a citizen of Australia, then he has to pay the taxes which are related to being a citizen of Australia. Law According to the Australian Taxation Law, which is prescribed or approved by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), the following terms and conditions are verified for checking the ability of a person for becoming a citizen of Australia (Hamilton, Deutsch and Raneri, 2001). The terms and conditions are as follows If there are any incidence which represents the presence of an individual in Australia. The relation of an individual with their family members who are residing in Australia. If an individual is work as a regular employee in Australia. If an individual comes along with their family members to Australia for various kinds of trips depending on the purpose for the trip If an individual has any property such as land, house, etc. in Australia. If an individual emigrates his or her business in Australia. If the individual has any bank account in any bank of Australia. Analysis In this case study, Kit is holding a permission of dual citizenship that is the citizenship of Chile and Australia. He has the citizenship of Chile as it was his birth place. His family members still reside there. But he also has the citizenship of Australia because he was a regular employee in Australia (Hogan, 2012). There he employed permanently under an American company. His salary payment is also paid through a bank account which is made in an Australian Bank named as Westpac Bank. In this bank, he also has a joint account with his wife. That is why Kit must be considered as the citizen of Australia. Along with this, he also owns a house in Australia, which is the other reason for Kit to consider him as a citizen of Australia. According to the Australian Taxation Law if any person has any property such as a house, land, etc. in Australia then he should be considered as a citizen of Australia, and he has to pay all those taxes which are related to being a citizen of Australia acc ording to the taxation law of Australia (Howard, 1985). Though he was an employee of an American business firm, he works in the branch which is set up in Australia. That is why it become the another reason for getting the permission to being a citizen of Australia. As he considered as an Australian Citizen, his income is also considered as an accessible income like any other citizen or inhabitant of Australia. Kit also purchases a house in Australia. Most of the time in the year, his wife resides there. However, Kit use to stay on the coast of Indonesia and only during holiday time he came to the house of Australia stay there for few days with his wife (Jugurnath, Stewart and Brooks, 2007). It also determines the fact that he can receive the citizenship of Australia. Other than this fact, that Chile is the native place of Kit and has kept considerable assets in Chile, yet he has to be considered as a resident of Australia. Kit as an individual also has the citizenship of Chile. Thou gh he is also eligible for the Australian Taxation Law and has to pay all those taxes which are related to being a citizen of Australia according to the taxation law of Australia. Therefore, it can be said that Kit will be considered under double taxation contract as he holds the permission of dual citizenship that is the citizenship of Australia and Chile (Krever and Black, 2007). The principle of the taxation department providing great importance to detect the residency of a person is since the law changes according to the residency of the individual. It is observed that the taxation department of Australia does not charge taxes for all the incomes of the non-residents or charge only for the income the individual generate from Australia. There are three numbers of taxation rules in Australia, which is followed by the Australian Citizen are State, Federal and Local. According to the rules and regulations of Australian Taxation Law, the resident of Australia has to pay all those ta xes which are related to the income of that resident who lives in Australia. The taxes are basically of 2 types, direct tax, and indirect tax (Meagher and Agrawal, 2008). The taxes are never considered as penalties or service charges by the government. This amount of money is paid by the citizens to develop and improve the revenue which is generated for the development of the country and also increases the treasure fund of the country. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the entire citizen to pay tax to the country. For this reason, as Kit is considered as an inhabitant or resident of Australia he should also have the responsibility for fulfilling all these terms and conditions for paying the tax. Conclusion According to the terms and conditions of the rules of getting the permission to become a citizen of Australia, Kit has met all of the features of that rules and also paid all those taxes which are related to being a citizen of Australia according to the taxation law of Australia (MODERN TAXATION SYSTEM FORMATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION, 2013). For that reason, Kit became the resident of Australia, and his incomes are considered as an accessible income. That is why according to the rules and regulations of Australian Taxation Office Kit have to pay all of the required taxes for his income in Australia. Californian Copper Syndicate Ltd v Harris (Surveyor of Taxes) (1904) 5 TC 159 In this case, the objective of California Copper Syndicate was to purchase or acquire the land which contained copper. Beyond this, the California Copper Syndicate company did not remove copper from that land (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2011). Eventually, they sold the copper containing land to another company. Along with the decision of the court the company has to pay income tax for the dealing of this land because the intention of the company is to gain money by trading the land. It is not capital gain, and it is ordinary income. Hence, the company has to pay income tax according to the Taxation Law. Scottish Australian Mining Co Ltd v FC of T (1950) 81 CLR 188 In this case, a corporate established a business of coal mining. That is why they want to buy a land which is containing coal. Soon after, the coal was removed by the company. After that, they take a decision to sell the land for gaining money to acquire profit. The company subdivided the land for making the deal more profitable (Ratnapala and Crowe, 2012). By the help of this asset, they build roads and other infrastructures (The Inspector-General of Taxation in the taxation system, 2002). The decision of the court is that it would be beneficial for the company if they subdivide the land. Therefore, in this situation the company is not legally responsible for paying tax as they did not sell this land. FC of T v Whit fords Beach Pty Ltd (1982) 150 CLR In this case, the company paid taxes for a land which is undeveloped and situated at the beach of White Fords. The land was located just beside the beach. Therefore, they can utilize this land for the business related to fishing. After a while, the company sold all of the difficult shares of their business. The new shareholders of that company obtained the land for getting the power regarding the management of the land (The Inspector-General of Taxation in the taxation system, 2002). For increasing the profitability, the new shareholders subdivided the land and traded the land. When the subdivided land was traded, the shareholders oppose to include the share of the profit of the revenue in their ordinary income. On the other hand, the court verdicts were that the shareholders of the company want to take the control on the land for generating income from it (WALLER, 2007). For this reason, the company establish a business of land development plus generates profit by trading the land c onsidered as ordinary income as per the Section 26(a) of ITAA (1983). According to the decision of the company the income is assessed as ordinary income. Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 The case of Statham Anor v FC of T 89 ATC 4070 is a simple case related to the income tax of a particular country. During a span of long period, the tax was assessed. In a while, the decision was given that the commissioner will control the income acquired from the land. It is considered as ordinary income. It should be implemented according to the law of Income tax of that particular country. Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135 Through the case of Casimaty v FC of T 97 ATC 5135, it can be described the conditions and situations which are related to the tendency for making their profit shortage. In the reality, the fact is that the person wants to gain some amount of profit by doing business only on a part of the land (Woellner, 2003). But the issue which arises is that whether the profit earned from the trade is assessable for tax or not. According to the Australian Taxation Act Section 25(1) of ITAA (1983), the dealing of the land or the business was assessable and considered as ordinary income. Moana Sand Pty Ltd v FC of T 88 ATC 4897 In this case, the Mona Sand Pty Ltd. company buys a land containing sand after removing the sand from it. At the time of dealing the land, a conflict arises regarding the amount of tax. Therefore, according to the judgment of the court, the land should be used for business or only commercial purpose or should be sold or traded to someone who also utilizes this land for a commercial reason. Therefore, according to the taxation law, it should be considered as ordinary income. Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 In the case of Crow v FC of T 88 ATC 4620 which is a farmer who has to pay tax for a gaze of land. The farmer shows his wish for buying this land. There was also a dispute or issue which is related to this land. But according to the case study, it is not considered as ordinary income and comes under the subsection 51(1) ) of ITAA (1936). It tends towards the provision of capital gain. McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487 In the case of McCurry Anor v FC of T 98 ATC 4487, there was a land which is possessed by two brothers. As there are some houses on this land they removed them for renovating and modernizing the land (Woellner, 2013). The disagreement aroused, on whether the brothers had to pay the tax regarding that land. At the end of the judgment of the court, the result was in support of the two brothers. According to the judgment of the court, it is decided that the two brothers did not need to pay any taxes for that particular land. References Apps, P. (2008). Comment:Taxation reform and income Distribution in Australia.Australian Economic Review, 19(3), pp.57-59. Bhatti, M. (2015). Taxation Treatment Of Islamic Finance Products In Australia.Deakin Law Review, 20(2). Boxer, A. (2008). TAXATION IN AUSTRALIA*.Economic Record, 41(96), pp.639-649. Hamilton, R., Deutsch, R. and Raneri, J. (2001).Guidebook to Australian international taxation. Australia: LexisNexis Butterworths. Hogan, L. (2012). Non-renewable resource taxation: policy reform in Australia*.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 56(2), pp.244-259. Howard, C. (1985).Australian federal constitutional law. Sydney: Law Book Co. Jugurnath, B., Stewart, M. and Brooks, R. (2007). Dividend taxation and corporate investment: a comparative study between the classical system and imputation system of dividend taxation in the United States and Australia.Rev Quant Finan Acc, 31(2), pp.209-224. Krever, R. and Black, C. (2007).Australian taxation law cases 2007. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson ATP. Meagher, G. and Agrawal, N. (2008). Taxation Reform and Income Distribution in Australia.Australian Economic Review, 19(3), pp.33-56. MODERN TAXATION SYSTEM FORMATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION. (2013).SISP, (7). Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. (2011).Australian taxation study manual. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Ratnapala, S. and Crowe, J. (2012).Australian constitutional law. South Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press. The Inspector-General of Taxation in the taxation system. (2002). [Canberra]: [The Board of Taxation]. WALLER, V. (2007). The Challenge of Institutional Integrity in Responsive Regulation: Field Inspections by the Australian Taxation Office.Law Policy, 29(1), pp.67-83. Woellner, R. (2003).Australian taxation law, 2004 /.. Sydney, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia.

Ethernet system Essay Example

Ethernet system Essay Robert Metcalfe with his co-workers at the Xerox Palo Alto research Center ( PARC ) developed the experimental Ethernet system. Harmonizing to O’Reilly and associates ( 2000 ) the chief intent of developing the Ethernet system is to complect a personal workstation with graphical user interface called Xerox Alto. The experimental system was used in order to link Altos and besides pressmans and waiters. The systems interfaces signal clock was patterned in the Alto’s system clock. This resulted to 2. 94 Mbps. informations transmittal rate on the experimental Ethernet. Ethernet was originally known as Alto Aloha Network. Alto Aloha Network was changed its name to Ethernet by Metcalfe to bespeak that the system non merely back up Alto’s but besides other computing machines. And Metcalfe besides point out that the Ethernet has progressed manner beyond the Aloha system. He chose the name ether as to depict the indispensable characteristic of the system which is the physical medium carries spots to all Stationss the same manner as the aluminiferous quintessence was one time believe to proliferate There are two ways which can be used to apportion the capacity of transmittal media: baseband and broadband transmittals. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Baseband transmittal allocates the full capacity of the medium to one communicating channel. It uses distinguishable values by mensurating the electromotive force in wire which merely carried one signal at a clip. In broadband transmittal. the system allows two or more communicating channels to portion the bandwidth of the communicating medium. The system uses the technique of spliting the bandwidth into frequence sets which is called frequence division multiplexing ( FDM ) which works merely with parallel signals. There is besides another technique called time-division multiplexing ( TDM ) that supports digital signals. Figure 1. show the difference between baseband and broadband transmittal manner of operation: Figure 1. Difference in the manner of operation between baseband and broadband Broadband transmittal is used in the web hosting companies. This is because of the higher velocities of the broadband. With the usage of broadband. people can bask the full scope of cyberspace services like downloading picture. music. watching films and providing on-line games. Transceivers have different velocities which are measured in MHz and besides specified in wavelengths. The larger the value of the fibre nucleus of the transceivers. measured in micrometers. there will be more bandwidth possible but besides the distance will be shorter. The 1000 Base-LX is the long wavelength with a signaling velocity of 1. 25 ±100 ppm GBd. This transceiver can utilize both 62. 5 and 50 micrometer multimode fibre and it besides uses single-mode fiber ocular overseas telegrams with distances of 440m. 550m and 5 kilometer. Another transreceiver is the 100 Base-TX which uses 4B5B binary encoding to encode 100 Mbps informations watercourse in a signal of 125 MHz. One brace is used for conveying informations while the other brace is used for having the information. Given this. one user can setup a system for full duplex communicating given that there are merely interfaces in the same hit sphere. It is either the two computing machines are straight connected to each other by crossing over overseas telegram or a computing machine straight connected to a switch. Full duplex communicating consequence to duplicating the possible throughput but non frequently reached more than the modest betterment. Based on Sheldon and Big Sur Multimedia ( 2001 ) . nexus collection is the procedure of linking together two or more informations channels in order to go a individual channel which appears as a individual. higher-bandwidth logical nexus. Besides this aggregative links can supply redundancy and mistake tolerance if the links follow different physical way. By associating the digital lines. the nexus collection improves the entree to public webs. The collection is besides usage in endeavor web to construct multigigabit backbone links. It besides allows the network’s anchor velocity to turn progressively when the demands on the web additions without replacing everything and purchase new and expensive hardware. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance ( CSMA/CA ) protocol was intended for local country web ( LAN ) environments where in all the nodes are positioned few hundred pess from each other. The importance of the protocol is to listen up each node to the channels in a short period of clip before it transmits. The chief premise of the protocol is that each node should be able to hear the transmittal from every other station. But this premise is violated in entree web and this resulted to several jobs. One of the serious jobs encountered is the concealed sender job. This occurs when the CSMA/CA can non work decently due to a wireless node can non hear one or more of the other nodes. And when this happen. multiple nodes attempt to convey their informations at the same time over the shared informations therefore ensuing to interference with each other. To turn to the concealed sender job. the 802. 11 standard uses the protocol petition to send/clear to direct ( RTS/CTS ) . Before conveying each package. each node transmit an RTS package to other nodes to warn them that it is about to convey informations and after each transmittal. it broadcasts CTS package. This procedure is clip and bandwidth consuming procedure and it is required for each and every transmittal by each and every radio node. But this procedure sill does non turn to the concealed sender job to the full because RTS/CTS packages are subjected to repeated hits. In most applications. the wireless criterion 802. 11b operating at 2. 4 gigahertz is ample plenty. This wireless criterion is the largely widely accepted criterion among the three radio criterions and besides the monetary value of the equipment is the cheapest because of the lifting demand for the 802. 11g. Its distance will trust largely on the communication devices whether it have line of site or non. And with fewer obstructions among the transmission and having devices. there will be better radio connexion and hence much better web surfboarding. The 802. 11b wireless criterion is good plenty if utilizing wireless path or entree point merely for cyberspace use because the connexion to internet via broadband modem operates about 2mbps which is really fast. The 802. 11b transportation informations at the rate of 11mbps which is sufficient for internet use. This device saves money on equipment and gives great web surfboarding services. Another wireless criterion being used is the 802. 11g criterion. It is replacing the widely accepted criterion which is the 802. 11b because both operate on the same frequence and the monetary value drastically goes down on merchandises. This criterion is much really similar to 802. 11b because it besides normally needs a line of site to accomplish optical public presentation. Both criterions. 802. 11b and 802. 11g operate at the same frequence scope of 2. 4ghz and are inter-operable with each other. All the devices of 802. 11g can pass on with 802. 11 devices and the chief advantage of the 802. 11g devices is that when reassigning files betweens computing machines or webs. it is normally at a greater velocity. It is recommended to utilize 802. 11g when utilizing wireless connexion to reassign files ( informations files. voice. music. and picture ) around the place and office. 802. 11g criterion besides allows makers to developed devices which work at velocity of up to 108mbps because it recommended when reassigning big informations or audio files within LAN. Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) is a security engineering that is used in wireless web. This was created by an industry trade group called the Wi-Fi Alliance which owns the hallmark for the name Wi-Fi and certifies merchandises that bear the name. WPA was created in order to response on the serious failings of the old system. the Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) and besides to better the hallmark and encoding characteristics of the WEP. It implements bulk of the IEEE 802. 11i and intended to take topographic point the topographic point of WEP. It was designed in order to work with all radio web interface cards but non with first coevals radio entree point. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol ( TKIP ) is one of the key engineerings behind WPA which deals with the encoding failings of the WEP. Besides the WAP have built-in hallmark which is a cardinal constituent. The WAP uses the RC4 watercourse cypher which has a 128-bit key and a 49-bit low-level formatting vector ( IV ) . With the combination of the TKIP and the RC4 watercourse cypher ; this solves the job of cardinal recovery onslaughts which was found in WEP. In add-on. the WPA provides much improved warhead unity. WPA uses a more secured message hallmark codification ( MAC ) but besides termed as MIC which stand for message unity codification which is an algorithm Michael . MIC includes a frame counter forestalling rematch onslaughts. With the characteristics of the WPA like holding increased size of the keys and IV’s. reduced figure of packages sent with related keys and adding up of a secured message confirmation system. it is far more hard to interrupt in within the system. There is one fluctuation in WPA which is called the WPA pre shared cardinal ( WPA-PSK ) . which is besides known as personal manner. This was designed for place and little office use and webs which can’t afford the cost and complexness of the 802. 1X hallmark waiter. To entree the web. the user must come in a base on balls phrase. with 8 to 63 printable ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal figures. This can be stored in the user’s computing machine with discretion under most operating system in order to avoid re-entry and must stay in the Wi-Fi entree point. Protected Extensile Authentication Protocol ( PEAP ) firmly transmits hallmark information which includes watchword. over wired and wireless web. It is besides an 802. 1x hallmark type for radio LAN’s. The PEAP is created by the Cisco Systems. Microsoft and RSA Security which is base on the Internet Draft submitted to the IETF. ( Cisco Systems. 2007 ) The system uses merely server side public key certifications which authenticate clients by making encrypted SSL/TLS tunnel in between client and reliable waiter. This protects from insouciant review the ensuing exchange of hallmark. Harmonizing to the Cisco Systems Inc. . the following are of import benefits of the PEAP web security system: †¢ It relies on the Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) which allow non-encrypted hallmark types ( EAP-Generic Token Card and One Time Password ( OTP ) ) support †¢ It uses the server-side Public-Key Infrastructure ( PKI ) based digital enfranchisement hallmark †¢ It allows for the hallmark to an drawn-out suite of directories which include Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) . Novell NDS and OTPA databases †¢ It uses the TLS in order to code all the user-sensitive hallmark information †¢ It supports the watchword alteration at termination †¢ It does non expose the logon username in the EAP individuality response †¢ The system is non susceptible to dictionary onslaughts †¢ It offer dynamic privateness protection while utilizing in combination with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol ( TKIP ) or the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) Besides the PEAP have enterprise benefit. Based on the Cisco System Inc. . PEAP is based upon the server-side EAP-TLS. This means that organisation can avoid the issue associated in the installation of digital certifications on every client machine which is required by the EAP-TLS. This provides the endeavor to take what method of client hallmark depending on their demands. PEAP hallmark work in two stages: ? In stage 1. executing the server-side TLS hallmark will ensue to creative activity of an encrypted tunnel and will accomplish server-side hallmark. One the procedure is done the informations are encrypted with all the user-sensitive information? For stage 2 harmonizing to the Cisco System Inc. . the client is authenticated by utilizing methods like the EAP-GTC and the Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol ( MS-CHAP ) Public switched telephone web ( PSTN ) is referred as the public communicating supplying local. extended and long distance call telephone service. It is composed of telephone exchanges arranged in order to hold countrywide telephone communicating system. The system is unfastened for those who can afford the service. Packets. pieces of the caller’s conversation are switched and so sent at the same time to many connexions to make a receiving system in the other terminal. All the phones in PSTN are connected in a manner that any phone can name to any other phone due to all the local phone systems are connected to each other. Mitchell ( 2007 ) cited that PSTN provides the traditional Plain Old Telephone Service ( POTS ) to constitutions and abodes and besides some parts of the PSTN are being utilized for DSL. VoIP and other internet-based web. In much relation to internet. this provides much of the internet’s long-distance substructure. Internet service suppliers ( ISP ) pay the long distance supplier for the entree to their substructure and they portion the circuits among users in the procedure called package shift. PSTN web nexus supports 64 kbps and in abodes the PSTN phone lines transporting the bandwidth is made up of Cu overseas telegram. Dial-up modems utilize 56kbps of the bandwidth when they are connected to a phone line. Besides the PSTN utilizes the SS7 signaling protocol. SS7 signaling protocol support the exchange of special-purpose messages on public telephone webs. SS7 messages pass over separate channel different from the channel used for voice communicating and it is referred as out of set signaling. Wireless local cringle is sometimes called wireless in the cringle ( RITL ) or fixed –radio entree ( FRA ) . It is a system that connects users and endorsers to the public switched telephone web ( PSTN ) by the usage of wireless signals as replacement for Cu for all portion of the connexion between endorser and the switch. This includes cordless entree systems ; properness fixed radio entree and fixed cellular systems. One of the advantages of the wireless local cringle is that it can be deployed in merely hebdomads or months in comparing with Cu wire systems which took months and old ages for the deployments. The instillment of the wireless local cringle considerately has much lower building cost than puting Cu lines. The care and operations of the wireless local cringle are that easy and the mean care clip per endorser is shorter by 3 to 4 times. Signing is the exchange between information which concerns about the constitution and in the control of a connexion and the direction of the web. There are many types of signaling: †¢ In-band signaling pertains to the exchange of signaling information within the same channel of the telephone call †¢ Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling intending exchange of information to command telephone call. It is done over a channel and it separates from channels which is usage for telephone call. This signaling is used by Signing system # 7. the signaling standard commanding the world’s phone calls †¢ Line signaling is much concerned in conveying information on the province of line or channel †¢ Register signaling is focused on the transmission of information in the calling/ called telephone figure †¢ Channels-associated signaling utilizes signaling channels giving to a specific carrier channel †¢ Common-channels signaling. utilizes signaling channels which transmit signaling information to multiple carrier channels. †¢ Compelled signaling pertains to the demand of the receive signal to be to the full acknowledged before the following signal is sent. †¢ Subscriber signaling pertains to the telephone and the telephone exchanges †¢ Trunk signaling pertains to the exchange. Mentions Buis. Paul. ( 1996. September ) . Common 100 Mbps Hardware Variations. Ethernet Technology: Underlying Technologies. ( Chapter 4 ) . Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Cs. bsu. edu/homepages/peb/cs637/ethernet/100mbps. htm Computer Hope. ( 2007 ) . Ethernet. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. computerhope. com/jargon/e/ethernet. htm ETSTechNEWS. What is the difference between 802. 11g and 802. 11b? Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //web. monroecc. edu/ETSTechNEWS/80211g Fleishman. Glenn. ( 2003. November 4 ) . Weakness in Passphrase Choice in WPA Interface. Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //wifinetnews. com/archives/002452. hypertext markup language GNS Wireless LLC. 802. 11a vs. 802. 11b vs. 802. 11g. 2007. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from the hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gnswireless. com/AvsBvsG. htm Laverty. Denis. WPA vs. WEP: How your Choice Affects your Wireless Network Security. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. openxtra. co. uk/articles/wpa-vs-wep. php McLauren. Bruce. ( 1998 ) . Cabling Options. How Gigabit Ethernet plants. Retrieved September 15. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //misnt. indstate. edu/coutinho/ge/WORKS. HTM Mitchell. Bradley. Wireless/networking: WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //searchnetworking. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0. . sid7_gci214316. 00. html Ou. George. ( 2005. June 2 ) . Understanding the updated WPA and WPA2 criterions. Message posted to http: //blogs. zdnet. com/Ou/index. php? p=67 Pidgeon. Nick. Introduction to how Ethernet Works. The Ethernet. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //computer. howstuffworks. com/ethernet. Sheldon. Tom. Link Aggregation. The Encyclopedia of Networking and Telecommunications. Retrieve September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. linktionary. com/l/link_aggregation. hypertext markup language Spurgeon. Charles E. . ( 2000 ) . Why is it called Ethernet? . Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ethermanage. com/ethernet/ethername. html ICT Global. What is Ethernet? . Ethernet FAQ. Retrieved September 16. 2007from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ictglobal. com/ICT010/faq1. hypertext markup language Networking Essentials. Band Usage ( Baseband or Broadband ) . Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. measureup. com/testobjects/MS_NetEss/5a67289. htm

Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology

Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology Since the ancient times, civilizations across the world have attempted to understand and separate normal behavior from what is considered as abnormal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Up until now, it can be said without doubt that the separation has not been easy since behavior is largely viewed as cultural specific, and what may pass for an acceptable behavior in one culture may be vilified in another (Ganellen, 2007). In equal measure, behavior is also viewed as time-specific, and a behavior that was largely acceptable some few decades ago may presently be labeled as barbaric or worse still, abnormal. This, however, does not mean that it untenable to contrast and compare normal and abnormal psychology. To the contrary, comparisons have been fronted from all quarters, occasioning a multiplicity of theoretical frameworks that attempt to off er objective explanation on the two concepts (Bennet, 2006). In behavioral psychology, the word ‘normal’ basically means not to deviate from the standard norms, hence normal psychology entails the study of normal patterns of behavior, emotions, and mind (Bennet, 2006). On the contrary, the word ‘abnormal’ basically means to deviate from the norm, hence abnormal psychology or psychopathology is the scientific study of unusual patterns of behavior, thought systems, and emotions that undeniably affect the way individuals feel, reason, and behave to a point of disrupting their own sense of wellbeing. Both normal and abnormal psychology are cultural and time specific as explained above. For example, child beating may be allowed in some cultures while it may be seen as an insane behavior in other cultures. Also, both normal and abnormal psychology attempts to explain the centrality of behavior in determining mental health (Ganellen, 2007; Bennet, 2006). Some psyc hopathologists argue that abnormal behavior is separated from normal behavior through set criteria which may not be necessarily correct. This therefore means that although deviant behavior may be grouped as abnormal by the criteria set by society, it does not automatically imply the incidence of a mental disorder. In equal measure, normal behavior does not necessarily mean the patterns of behavior are not without blame since the action may be stereotyped to fit the needs and demands of society (Bennet, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Bennet, P. (2006). Abnormal and clinical psychology: An Introductory textbook, 2nd Ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press Ganellen, R.J. (2007). Assessing normal and abnormal personality functioning: Strengths and weaknesses of self-report, observer, and performance-based methods. Journal of Personality Assessmen t 89(1): 30-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database

Environmental Issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Issues - Term Paper Example Mahli et al. (2008) support production of carbon dioxide by natural activities and the existence of a natural process for balancing the emission and removal of the gas into and from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide produced by humans is minimal enough to be absorbed by the oceans. On the other hand, Turk and Bensel (2011) attribute the change in carbon dioxide composition to burning of fossil fuels by humans. It is believed that no one is sure why the climate keeps changing. The available information on climatic systems is minimal to attribute global warming to specific initiators. Therefore, since ancient climate was a natural event, even the modern changes could be attributed to natural factors. Opponents of this motion argue that the current warming greatly supersedes what was experienced in the ancient period. Hence, there could be some external influence – human activities. A new ice age had been predicted decades ago based on the previous alternation between about 100,000 years of ice age and about 10,000 to 30,000 years of warm interglacial periods. Despite the earth completing its 10,000th interglacial year, this appears elusive (Mahli et al., 2008). Global warming has been predicted to exist in many decades to come (Turk & Bensel, 2011). There has been no measure to prove that the current warming results from global warming. It could therefore be a result of a shift in the planetary reflectivity of the earth thus increased absorption; internal climatic system variation that causes the transfer of heat from one region of the earth onto the atmosphere; or the sun’s increased output (Zahran et al., 2007). However, direct observation negates these arguments. Human beings being the cause of global warming have the power to stop it. Governments have exhibited commitment to reduce emissions by between 50 and 80 percent by the year 2050 (Turk &

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Assignment

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Assignment Example The elements of the general environment are the political systems, economic systems of societies, socio-cultural elements, technological systems of societies, ecological systems, and legal systems. The task environment is the segment of the external environment with which an organization interfaces on a regular basis and is of immediate interest to the organization. It is within the organization's control. The elements of the task environment are the customers and clients, competitors, suppliers, labor supply, government agencies, etc. Guinness is in the beer brewing industry founded in 1759, with breweries (by way of license arrangements) in almost 50 countries and exports to around 150 countries. Next, the beer industry's policies and decisions are analyzed with regards to political influences. This is followed by using Robert Miles's dimensions of corporate social responsiveness to determine the effectiveness of the industry's response. Lastly, recommendations for improvement in t he response of the industry are made. Alcohol is a dependence-producing drug that causes detrimental societal and physical effects. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it leads to diseases, early mortality, accidents, and violent crimes. Due to these social influences, the beer industry operates within a tight legal environment. Legislation exists in various nations to curb the advertising and excessive consumption of alcohol. Examples include control on drunk driving, operation hours of pubs, advertising, distribution, and even import controls, such as in Sweden. Another external influence to which the beer industry is subjected is the economy. Beer as a luxury product  depends on the economy to stimulate demand. With the economic development of the developing nations, the demand for higher quality beverages, and hence beer is set to grow. Ecologically, beer brewing contributes to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide. The use and disposal of bottles and packagi ng also contribute to environmental pollution. Hence, beer brewing is a cause of concern for many environmentalists. Technological influence is not as great as political influence in the beer industry. No doubt, the proper application of technologies such as the brewing facilities and the bottling and packaging technology could help to cut costs and increase efficiencies. However, technologies may be imitated by competitors and any competitive advantages will soon disappear.

Participating in the Notre Dame executive MBA program Personal Statement

Participating in the Notre Dame executive MBA program - Personal Statement Example Her parents, even though they had no formal education themselves, understood its value, and worked long hours on the family farm so that they could raise enough money to pay her tuition. My Mum went on to be the first woman from her town to graduate from college, and later on also did her MBA from the University of The Hague in Holland. My Mum's example - her rise from a farm girl to a corporate woman - has constantly inspired me to strive for success both educationally and professionally.I have an undergraduate Degree in Engineering, which has provided me with excellent analytical skills and has enhanced my problem solving abilities. However, I have not had the opportunity so far, to study in depth, courses exploring business strategy and finance. In order to advance my career to its fullest potential I need to excel in these courses as well, apart from other areas of business.An MBA degree from Notre Dame University will equip me with the necessary knowledge and skills to develop m y capabilities. In business, decision-making must be done after careful thought, and not haphazardly. An MBA from Notre Dame will not only enable me to make balanced business decisions, but it will also give me access to information gathered by national and international experts on decisions made, that have yielded both positive and negative results. I also want to learn more about business strategy and put this knowledge into practice across a wide variety of situations. To be able to do this, I would like to take up a position in the Consulting and International Business Unit of my sponsoring company. Most of the employees working in this Department are MBA graduates. I would like to pursue an MBA both to make myself a competitive candidate for a position in this business unit, as well as to further develop my business acumen. As an Engineer for the last seven years, I have worked with international, cross-functional teams in high paced environments, with demanding deadlines, where my responsibilities have varied from taking care of highly technical projects to sales and business development functions. The versatility, analytical skills, teamwork and a wide knowledge of industry, which I have exhibited in my career, are some of the qualities I will bring to bear on my MBA program. Notre Dame's MBA program will allow me to develop my skills to fulfill my career objectives. It will also enable me to take advantage of resources that Notre Dame University offers, while simultaneously continuing my career in Chicago. A Notre Dame MBA will equip me with modern management tools, concepts and practical models that are not only appropriate for meeting current management challenges, but also adaptable to new and emerging situations. I will get to exercise teamwork, and analytical and leadership skills while discussing real-world business challenges. My decision-making and communication abilities will also be enhanced as I work with a diverse group of individuals to define goals, identify problems, and determine solutions to these challenges. The benefits of practical experience in my undergraduate education were immense, and I look forward to the exceptional learning opportunities at Notre Dame, for a continuation of the same. Apart from this, I am also attracted by the program's class size, which encourages a close-knit community where the students' strengths can easily be

Western Art Music | Analysis

Western Art Music | Analysis Western Art Music Western practices define art music as a musical tradition that is basically written, not transmitted by rote or in any recordings but preserved in the form of music notation. This art evolved prior to renaissance period in Europe and matured in romantic period. We can define the identity of an art work by its notated version. Earlier, the European art music was derived as a part of the traditional music. We can say that the art music concept refers to authentic and creative music. Here, I am going to describe the three famous western art music composers, who belong to the different historical periods. They are Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) and Alban Berg (1885-1935). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Johann Sebastian Bach was born in year 1685 in Eisenach and was a craftsman. His father’s name was Johann Ambrosius Bach. He was an organist at St. Georges Church. His mother’s name was Maria Elisabetha Là ¤mmerhirt. His father Ambrosius taught him how to play violin and harpsichord. His relatives were professional musicians. Their posts ranged from church organists and musicians to composers. His uncle taught him the art of playing the organ. He was proud to his family’s achievement. His mother and father died in the year 1694, when he was only 10 years old. After his parents’ death, he moved away with his elder brother to Ohrdruf, where he learnt music (Geck Hargraves, 2006). His era was characterized by presence of composers who created work on the demand of employers. Bach focused on the different flavor of the music. In Weimar, as a court organist, he successfully produced organ works, and created music as desired by his patron who was the composer for the Prince of Anhalt-Cà ¶then. In Leipzig, Bach held the most long term and important position as a cantor in Church of St. Thomas. It should not be surprising that in this period, he wrote great church music. The demands from employers helped him to create work under various genres. He did work on sacred vocals that consist of 200 cantatas of church; other works consist of 20 cantatas which were under Secular vocal. Apart from this, his works comprise of music based on Orchestra, including 4 suites of orchestra, 6 Brandenburg Concertos, and for 1, 2, 3 and 4 harpsichords. 6 sonatas and partitas formed the part of unaccompanied violin under Chamber music. Bach Also composed key board music, which includes 2 volumes of Das wohltemperirte Clavier. Among the suites composed there were 6 French Suites, 6 English Suites, etc. In the field of organ music, he made contribution in about 150 chorale preludes, fantasias, toccatas, preludes, and fugues (Wolff, 2000). Bach had the quality of a student or an emulator. The music of his contemporaries constantly surrounded the composer. His study into their music gave an insight to him about the wide variety of personal and national styles as he was often engaged in the re-arranging of these pieces into different instrumental combinations. This was the unique work, which he carried all through his life thus integrating them into his own ideas. Bach had deep faith in his religion. Even his Bible was filled with various annotations and comments. These religious feelings can be very well felt in his music, which frequently strikes the listeners’ heart. Bach liked completeness in every task he did. His various works seem to move forward to attain completeness by exploring each imaginable possibility. The examples showing this attitude are two of his collections of preludes and fugues. In preparing them, Bach had made use of every possible major and minor key combinations. But this encyclopedic quality came out in his final works only. His mass in minor is a summation of his sacred style, which he redrafted from his previous pieces. Thus, to conclude, we can say that his music was unique because it constituted the human element in it (Williams, 2004). Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) The second composer chosen by me is Ludwig Van Beethoven. He was born on 16th December 1770, in the German town of Bonn in a musicians’ family. His father and grand father were also musicians. Till the age of eleven, his father acted as his teacher but after that he went under the guidance of the court organist C. G. Neefee. As soon as he reached the age of twelve he deputized Neefe. In this period, his first music notes were published. He remained the assistant of Neefe till the year 1787. Soon after this, at the small age of seventeen he went to Vienna. This time his visit was very short because of his mother’s illness. After five years, in 1792 he finally went to Vienna to earn his living (Powell, 1995, December). From the year 1792, he started learning composing and counter pointing under the able guidance of Salieri, Haydn, Albrechtsberger and Schenk. He simultaneously tried to establish himself as a composer and pianist. From the year 1800, Bethoven was trying hard to master the high classical style, so that he could impress the town Aristocrats. With the passage of time he was successful in establishing very good relations with them. These relations helped him secure his income for living. By the year 1809, the princes of the state, Prince Lobkowitz, Archduke Rudolp and Prince Kinsky were impressed by him and had guaranteed him yearly income. This period denoted the â€Å"early period† of his life (Cooper, 1991). From the start of the middle period, i.e. from 1809 to 1813, he enhanced and developed his high classical style into a more individualistic and dynamic style. By this time, he was able to write piano concert Nr.5, symphonies Nr. 3 – 8 and many other chamber music. At the negative side of his life, he came to know that his hearing power was being lost with the passage of time. This hearing impairment also broke his relations with the lady whom he loved. By the year 1812, his performances came to stand still because of his ailment. It was difficult for him to even handle public interaction. Some of his remember able music compositions were Symphony No.5 in C minor; Symphony No.9 in D minor â€Å"Choral†; Piano Sonata No.30 in E minor, first movement; Piano Sonata No.8 in C minor â€Å"Pathà ©tique†, Adagio cantabile and Piano Sonata No.14 in C-sharp minor â€Å"Moonlight†, Adagio sostenuto (Stanley, 2000). He lost his brother in the year 1815. After this, he tried to be in the custody of one of his nephew. Bethoven was now harassed on the matters related to this nephew. His relations with his nephew were also getting worse and he was unable to handle these circumstances; as a result, he tried to commit suicide in the year 1826. This period is also known as the late period of Bethoven’s music career. Having a fight with all these struggles along with his poverty, Ludwig Van Beethoven left the world on March 26, 1827. In the end, a brief summary of his life long contribution can be summarized year wise as following: 1800: His first Orchestral symphony; 1802: Orchestral symphony no. 2; 1803: No.3 â€Å"Eroica† orchestral symphony; 1804: a triple concerto (piano, violin, and cello), piano sonata Op.53 â€Å"Waldstein†; 1805: 1 opera, Fidelio; 1806: No.4 orchestral symphony, 1 concerto for violin, piano sonata Op.13 â€Å"Pathà ©tique†; 1808: No.6 â€Å"Pastoral† orchestral symphony; 1812: No.7 8 orchestral symphony;1816: song cycle â€Å"To the Distant Beloved† (An die ferne Geliebte); 1823: Choral music including Missa solemnis; 1824: The final â€Å"Choral† orchestral symphony (Cooper, 1991). Alban Berg (1885-1935) The First composer that I have chosen from contrasting historical periods is Alban Maria Johannes Berg. He was an Australian composer and was from the period of 19th century. Alban Maria Johannes Berg was born on 9th February, 1885 in Vienna. His father’s name was Conrad Berg, who was a positioned sales executive in the export trade. He belonged to Nuremberg but shifted to Vienna in the year 1867. His mother’s name was Johanna Anna Berg. Alban’s maternal grand father was a Viennese citizen (Bruhn, 1998). Conrad and Johanna Berg had four children. The eldest of them was Conrad. Charley was his second brother and he followed the steps of his father. Alban was third Child of his parents. The fourth Child was Smaragda. Smaragda and Alban were very close to each other (Perle, 1980). Alban’s mother Johanna was very vigorous and energetic person. Alban learnt more from his father rather than his mother. When Alban was a child he was more interested in literature rather than music. He began to compose when he was 15 years old. In the year 1903, he completed his education. Till the age of 19, he learnt the music on his own. In the year 1904, he became the associate member of second Viennese school Arnold and Anton Webern. He studied about counterpoint, music theory, and harmony with Arnold Schoenberg. He studied music for full-time by the year 1906. Alban met the singer Helene Nahowski, daughter of a wealthy family in the year 1906 (Perle, 1980). In the year 1907, he became composer. He also inscribed songs, which included his Seven Early Songs; three out of which were Bergs first openly performed work in a concert. This also featured the music of Schoenbergs pupils in Vienna. Arnold Schoenberg seems to be the most prominent person in his life. He spent 6 years with Arnold. Till 1911, he worked and studied with him. Alban Berg used to admire Arnold Schoenberg as a musician and teacher. They remained close acquaintances lifelong. Both of them developed an idea of developing variation. Alban passed the idea to his students (Bruhn, 1998). The society in which he grew up was of very helpful nature. Alban’s social environment consists of the watercolorist Gustav Klimt, the author and comedian Karl Kraus, the architect Adolf Loos, the poet Peter Altenberg, and the musical group Alexander von Zemlinsky and Franz Schreker. In the year 1913, two songs of Bergs were on Picture Postcard Texts (Perle, 1980). The music of Alban explains and demonstrates better than any other individual composer. Alban engaged a lyrical and harmonic language that resemble to the romantic style. He was the most advanced composer of this style. For the work, Alban Berg moved from a rather tonal approach to a purely atonal style. Alban created a rich mix of styles and approaches which included the language that ranges from post-romantic to purely atonal, free mixing of popular and folk elements. Alban Berg’ romantic tonal works gave ways to growing atonality and to 12-tone composition. Alban’s other works included two string quartets. His work included the Lyric Suite in year 1926; Three Pieces for Orchestra in year 1915; Orchestral music which includes Chamber Concerto in year 1925. One of his works Lulu (Opera) remained unfinished due to his death. For 3 years, i.e. 1915 to 1917, Alban served the Austrian Army. In the year 1917 he started to work for his first Opera (Wozzeck). An opera is an art in which singers and musical group perform a theatrical work. After 1920, he started to teach private pupils of Vienna. Alban’s most appreciated work is his mournful Violin Concerto, quotations from historical tonal music which includes a Bach singing group and Carinthian folk song. Alban Berg passed away in year 1935 in Vienna, on Christmas Eve. He died of blood poisoning that was caused by an insect bite. He was 50 years old at that time (Schmalfeldt, 1991). Conclusion The study of these composers reveals that they have made significant contributions in the field of western art music. Though, they all have different inspirational background but still their work in the field of sacred vocal, orchestral suits are remarkable. For example Bach made great contribution as an organist in secular vocal and composed different suits of orchestra. Bethoven was the musician having both romantic and classical styles. He was a new composer of the new age with high energy. His involvement in controversies also made him the most interesting of all great composers. The work of Alban Berg includes the two operas. The first one was Wozzeck and the second was the Lulu. His intention behind this was to include the technique of composition, which means to give theater what belongs to theater. His aim was to compose good music to develop musical content of drama and to translate poetic language into music.