Ethernet system Essay Example

Ethernet system Essay Robert Metcalfe with his co-workers at the Xerox Palo Alto research Center ( PARC ) developed the experimental Ethernet system. Harmonizing to O’Reilly and associates ( 2000 ) the chief intent of developing the Ethernet system is to complect a personal workstation with graphical user interface called Xerox Alto. The experimental system was used in order to link Altos and besides pressmans and waiters. The systems interfaces signal clock was patterned in the Alto’s system clock. This resulted to 2. 94 Mbps. informations transmittal rate on the experimental Ethernet. Ethernet was originally known as Alto Aloha Network. Alto Aloha Network was changed its name to Ethernet by Metcalfe to bespeak that the system non merely back up Alto’s but besides other computing machines. And Metcalfe besides point out that the Ethernet has progressed manner beyond the Aloha system. He chose the name ether as to depict the indispensable characteristic of the system which is the physical medium carries spots to all Stationss the same manner as the aluminiferous quintessence was one time believe to proliferate There are two ways which can be used to apportion the capacity of transmittal media: baseband and broadband transmittals. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet system specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Baseband transmittal allocates the full capacity of the medium to one communicating channel. It uses distinguishable values by mensurating the electromotive force in wire which merely carried one signal at a clip. In broadband transmittal. the system allows two or more communicating channels to portion the bandwidth of the communicating medium. The system uses the technique of spliting the bandwidth into frequence sets which is called frequence division multiplexing ( FDM ) which works merely with parallel signals. There is besides another technique called time-division multiplexing ( TDM ) that supports digital signals. Figure 1. show the difference between baseband and broadband transmittal manner of operation: Figure 1. Difference in the manner of operation between baseband and broadband Broadband transmittal is used in the web hosting companies. This is because of the higher velocities of the broadband. With the usage of broadband. people can bask the full scope of cyberspace services like downloading picture. music. watching films and providing on-line games. Transceivers have different velocities which are measured in MHz and besides specified in wavelengths. The larger the value of the fibre nucleus of the transceivers. measured in micrometers. there will be more bandwidth possible but besides the distance will be shorter. The 1000 Base-LX is the long wavelength with a signaling velocity of 1. 25 ±100 ppm GBd. This transceiver can utilize both 62. 5 and 50 micrometer multimode fibre and it besides uses single-mode fiber ocular overseas telegrams with distances of 440m. 550m and 5 kilometer. Another transreceiver is the 100 Base-TX which uses 4B5B binary encoding to encode 100 Mbps informations watercourse in a signal of 125 MHz. One brace is used for conveying informations while the other brace is used for having the information. Given this. one user can setup a system for full duplex communicating given that there are merely interfaces in the same hit sphere. It is either the two computing machines are straight connected to each other by crossing over overseas telegram or a computing machine straight connected to a switch. Full duplex communicating consequence to duplicating the possible throughput but non frequently reached more than the modest betterment. Based on Sheldon and Big Sur Multimedia ( 2001 ) . nexus collection is the procedure of linking together two or more informations channels in order to go a individual channel which appears as a individual. higher-bandwidth logical nexus. Besides this aggregative links can supply redundancy and mistake tolerance if the links follow different physical way. By associating the digital lines. the nexus collection improves the entree to public webs. The collection is besides usage in endeavor web to construct multigigabit backbone links. It besides allows the network’s anchor velocity to turn progressively when the demands on the web additions without replacing everything and purchase new and expensive hardware. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance ( CSMA/CA ) protocol was intended for local country web ( LAN ) environments where in all the nodes are positioned few hundred pess from each other. The importance of the protocol is to listen up each node to the channels in a short period of clip before it transmits. The chief premise of the protocol is that each node should be able to hear the transmittal from every other station. But this premise is violated in entree web and this resulted to several jobs. One of the serious jobs encountered is the concealed sender job. This occurs when the CSMA/CA can non work decently due to a wireless node can non hear one or more of the other nodes. And when this happen. multiple nodes attempt to convey their informations at the same time over the shared informations therefore ensuing to interference with each other. To turn to the concealed sender job. the 802. 11 standard uses the protocol petition to send/clear to direct ( RTS/CTS ) . Before conveying each package. each node transmit an RTS package to other nodes to warn them that it is about to convey informations and after each transmittal. it broadcasts CTS package. This procedure is clip and bandwidth consuming procedure and it is required for each and every transmittal by each and every radio node. But this procedure sill does non turn to the concealed sender job to the full because RTS/CTS packages are subjected to repeated hits. In most applications. the wireless criterion 802. 11b operating at 2. 4 gigahertz is ample plenty. This wireless criterion is the largely widely accepted criterion among the three radio criterions and besides the monetary value of the equipment is the cheapest because of the lifting demand for the 802. 11g. Its distance will trust largely on the communication devices whether it have line of site or non. And with fewer obstructions among the transmission and having devices. there will be better radio connexion and hence much better web surfboarding. The 802. 11b wireless criterion is good plenty if utilizing wireless path or entree point merely for cyberspace use because the connexion to internet via broadband modem operates about 2mbps which is really fast. The 802. 11b transportation informations at the rate of 11mbps which is sufficient for internet use. This device saves money on equipment and gives great web surfboarding services. Another wireless criterion being used is the 802. 11g criterion. It is replacing the widely accepted criterion which is the 802. 11b because both operate on the same frequence and the monetary value drastically goes down on merchandises. This criterion is much really similar to 802. 11b because it besides normally needs a line of site to accomplish optical public presentation. Both criterions. 802. 11b and 802. 11g operate at the same frequence scope of 2. 4ghz and are inter-operable with each other. All the devices of 802. 11g can pass on with 802. 11 devices and the chief advantage of the 802. 11g devices is that when reassigning files betweens computing machines or webs. it is normally at a greater velocity. It is recommended to utilize 802. 11g when utilizing wireless connexion to reassign files ( informations files. voice. music. and picture ) around the place and office. 802. 11g criterion besides allows makers to developed devices which work at velocity of up to 108mbps because it recommended when reassigning big informations or audio files within LAN. Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) is a security engineering that is used in wireless web. This was created by an industry trade group called the Wi-Fi Alliance which owns the hallmark for the name Wi-Fi and certifies merchandises that bear the name. WPA was created in order to response on the serious failings of the old system. the Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) and besides to better the hallmark and encoding characteristics of the WEP. It implements bulk of the IEEE 802. 11i and intended to take topographic point the topographic point of WEP. It was designed in order to work with all radio web interface cards but non with first coevals radio entree point. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol ( TKIP ) is one of the key engineerings behind WPA which deals with the encoding failings of the WEP. Besides the WAP have built-in hallmark which is a cardinal constituent. The WAP uses the RC4 watercourse cypher which has a 128-bit key and a 49-bit low-level formatting vector ( IV ) . With the combination of the TKIP and the RC4 watercourse cypher ; this solves the job of cardinal recovery onslaughts which was found in WEP. In add-on. the WPA provides much improved warhead unity. WPA uses a more secured message hallmark codification ( MAC ) but besides termed as MIC which stand for message unity codification which is an algorithm Michael . MIC includes a frame counter forestalling rematch onslaughts. With the characteristics of the WPA like holding increased size of the keys and IV’s. reduced figure of packages sent with related keys and adding up of a secured message confirmation system. it is far more hard to interrupt in within the system. There is one fluctuation in WPA which is called the WPA pre shared cardinal ( WPA-PSK ) . which is besides known as personal manner. This was designed for place and little office use and webs which can’t afford the cost and complexness of the 802. 1X hallmark waiter. To entree the web. the user must come in a base on balls phrase. with 8 to 63 printable ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal figures. This can be stored in the user’s computing machine with discretion under most operating system in order to avoid re-entry and must stay in the Wi-Fi entree point. Protected Extensile Authentication Protocol ( PEAP ) firmly transmits hallmark information which includes watchword. over wired and wireless web. It is besides an 802. 1x hallmark type for radio LAN’s. The PEAP is created by the Cisco Systems. Microsoft and RSA Security which is base on the Internet Draft submitted to the IETF. ( Cisco Systems. 2007 ) The system uses merely server side public key certifications which authenticate clients by making encrypted SSL/TLS tunnel in between client and reliable waiter. This protects from insouciant review the ensuing exchange of hallmark. Harmonizing to the Cisco Systems Inc. . the following are of import benefits of the PEAP web security system: †¢ It relies on the Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) which allow non-encrypted hallmark types ( EAP-Generic Token Card and One Time Password ( OTP ) ) support †¢ It uses the server-side Public-Key Infrastructure ( PKI ) based digital enfranchisement hallmark †¢ It allows for the hallmark to an drawn-out suite of directories which include Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP ) . Novell NDS and OTPA databases †¢ It uses the TLS in order to code all the user-sensitive hallmark information †¢ It supports the watchword alteration at termination †¢ It does non expose the logon username in the EAP individuality response †¢ The system is non susceptible to dictionary onslaughts †¢ It offer dynamic privateness protection while utilizing in combination with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol ( TKIP ) or the Advanced Encryption Standard ( AES ) Besides the PEAP have enterprise benefit. Based on the Cisco System Inc. . PEAP is based upon the server-side EAP-TLS. This means that organisation can avoid the issue associated in the installation of digital certifications on every client machine which is required by the EAP-TLS. This provides the endeavor to take what method of client hallmark depending on their demands. PEAP hallmark work in two stages: ? In stage 1. executing the server-side TLS hallmark will ensue to creative activity of an encrypted tunnel and will accomplish server-side hallmark. One the procedure is done the informations are encrypted with all the user-sensitive information? For stage 2 harmonizing to the Cisco System Inc. . the client is authenticated by utilizing methods like the EAP-GTC and the Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol ( MS-CHAP ) Public switched telephone web ( PSTN ) is referred as the public communicating supplying local. extended and long distance call telephone service. It is composed of telephone exchanges arranged in order to hold countrywide telephone communicating system. The system is unfastened for those who can afford the service. Packets. pieces of the caller’s conversation are switched and so sent at the same time to many connexions to make a receiving system in the other terminal. All the phones in PSTN are connected in a manner that any phone can name to any other phone due to all the local phone systems are connected to each other. Mitchell ( 2007 ) cited that PSTN provides the traditional Plain Old Telephone Service ( POTS ) to constitutions and abodes and besides some parts of the PSTN are being utilized for DSL. VoIP and other internet-based web. In much relation to internet. this provides much of the internet’s long-distance substructure. Internet service suppliers ( ISP ) pay the long distance supplier for the entree to their substructure and they portion the circuits among users in the procedure called package shift. PSTN web nexus supports 64 kbps and in abodes the PSTN phone lines transporting the bandwidth is made up of Cu overseas telegram. Dial-up modems utilize 56kbps of the bandwidth when they are connected to a phone line. Besides the PSTN utilizes the SS7 signaling protocol. SS7 signaling protocol support the exchange of special-purpose messages on public telephone webs. SS7 messages pass over separate channel different from the channel used for voice communicating and it is referred as out of set signaling. Wireless local cringle is sometimes called wireless in the cringle ( RITL ) or fixed –radio entree ( FRA ) . It is a system that connects users and endorsers to the public switched telephone web ( PSTN ) by the usage of wireless signals as replacement for Cu for all portion of the connexion between endorser and the switch. This includes cordless entree systems ; properness fixed radio entree and fixed cellular systems. One of the advantages of the wireless local cringle is that it can be deployed in merely hebdomads or months in comparing with Cu wire systems which took months and old ages for the deployments. The instillment of the wireless local cringle considerately has much lower building cost than puting Cu lines. The care and operations of the wireless local cringle are that easy and the mean care clip per endorser is shorter by 3 to 4 times. Signing is the exchange between information which concerns about the constitution and in the control of a connexion and the direction of the web. There are many types of signaling: †¢ In-band signaling pertains to the exchange of signaling information within the same channel of the telephone call †¢ Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling intending exchange of information to command telephone call. It is done over a channel and it separates from channels which is usage for telephone call. This signaling is used by Signing system # 7. the signaling standard commanding the world’s phone calls †¢ Line signaling is much concerned in conveying information on the province of line or channel †¢ Register signaling is focused on the transmission of information in the calling/ called telephone figure †¢ Channels-associated signaling utilizes signaling channels giving to a specific carrier channel †¢ Common-channels signaling. utilizes signaling channels which transmit signaling information to multiple carrier channels. †¢ Compelled signaling pertains to the demand of the receive signal to be to the full acknowledged before the following signal is sent. †¢ Subscriber signaling pertains to the telephone and the telephone exchanges †¢ Trunk signaling pertains to the exchange. Mentions Buis. Paul. ( 1996. September ) . Common 100 Mbps Hardware Variations. Ethernet Technology: Underlying Technologies. ( Chapter 4 ) . Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Cs. bsu. edu/homepages/peb/cs637/ethernet/100mbps. htm Computer Hope. ( 2007 ) . Ethernet. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. computerhope. com/jargon/e/ethernet. htm ETSTechNEWS. What is the difference between 802. 11g and 802. 11b? Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //web. monroecc. edu/ETSTechNEWS/80211g Fleishman. Glenn. ( 2003. November 4 ) . Weakness in Passphrase Choice in WPA Interface. Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //wifinetnews. com/archives/002452. hypertext markup language GNS Wireless LLC. 802. 11a vs. 802. 11b vs. 802. 11g. 2007. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from the hypertext transfer protocol: //www. gnswireless. com/AvsBvsG. htm Laverty. Denis. WPA vs. WEP: How your Choice Affects your Wireless Network Security. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. openxtra. co. uk/articles/wpa-vs-wep. php McLauren. Bruce. ( 1998 ) . Cabling Options. How Gigabit Ethernet plants. Retrieved September 15. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //misnt. indstate. edu/coutinho/ge/WORKS. HTM Mitchell. Bradley. Wireless/networking: WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //searchnetworking. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0. . sid7_gci214316. 00. html Ou. George. ( 2005. June 2 ) . Understanding the updated WPA and WPA2 criterions. Message posted to http: //blogs. zdnet. com/Ou/index. php? p=67 Pidgeon. Nick. Introduction to how Ethernet Works. The Ethernet. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //computer. howstuffworks. com/ethernet. Sheldon. Tom. Link Aggregation. The Encyclopedia of Networking and Telecommunications. Retrieve September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. linktionary. com/l/link_aggregation. hypertext markup language Spurgeon. Charles E. . ( 2000 ) . Why is it called Ethernet? . Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. Retrieved September 16. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ethermanage. com/ethernet/ethername. html ICT Global. What is Ethernet? . Ethernet FAQ. Retrieved September 16. 2007from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ictglobal. com/ICT010/faq1. hypertext markup language Networking Essentials. Band Usage ( Baseband or Broadband ) . Retrieved September 17. 2007 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. measureup. com/testobjects/MS_NetEss/5a67289. htm

Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology

Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology Since the ancient times, civilizations across the world have attempted to understand and separate normal behavior from what is considered as abnormal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Up until now, it can be said without doubt that the separation has not been easy since behavior is largely viewed as cultural specific, and what may pass for an acceptable behavior in one culture may be vilified in another (Ganellen, 2007). In equal measure, behavior is also viewed as time-specific, and a behavior that was largely acceptable some few decades ago may presently be labeled as barbaric or worse still, abnormal. This, however, does not mean that it untenable to contrast and compare normal and abnormal psychology. To the contrary, comparisons have been fronted from all quarters, occasioning a multiplicity of theoretical frameworks that attempt to off er objective explanation on the two concepts (Bennet, 2006). In behavioral psychology, the word ‘normal’ basically means not to deviate from the standard norms, hence normal psychology entails the study of normal patterns of behavior, emotions, and mind (Bennet, 2006). On the contrary, the word ‘abnormal’ basically means to deviate from the norm, hence abnormal psychology or psychopathology is the scientific study of unusual patterns of behavior, thought systems, and emotions that undeniably affect the way individuals feel, reason, and behave to a point of disrupting their own sense of wellbeing. Both normal and abnormal psychology are cultural and time specific as explained above. For example, child beating may be allowed in some cultures while it may be seen as an insane behavior in other cultures. Also, both normal and abnormal psychology attempts to explain the centrality of behavior in determining mental health (Ganellen, 2007; Bennet, 2006). Some psyc hopathologists argue that abnormal behavior is separated from normal behavior through set criteria which may not be necessarily correct. This therefore means that although deviant behavior may be grouped as abnormal by the criteria set by society, it does not automatically imply the incidence of a mental disorder. In equal measure, normal behavior does not necessarily mean the patterns of behavior are not without blame since the action may be stereotyped to fit the needs and demands of society (Bennet, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Bennet, P. (2006). Abnormal and clinical psychology: An Introductory textbook, 2nd Ed. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press Ganellen, R.J. (2007). Assessing normal and abnormal personality functioning: Strengths and weaknesses of self-report, observer, and performance-based methods. Journal of Personality Assessmen t 89(1): 30-40. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database

Environmental Issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Issues - Term Paper Example Mahli et al. (2008) support production of carbon dioxide by natural activities and the existence of a natural process for balancing the emission and removal of the gas into and from the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide produced by humans is minimal enough to be absorbed by the oceans. On the other hand, Turk and Bensel (2011) attribute the change in carbon dioxide composition to burning of fossil fuels by humans. It is believed that no one is sure why the climate keeps changing. The available information on climatic systems is minimal to attribute global warming to specific initiators. Therefore, since ancient climate was a natural event, even the modern changes could be attributed to natural factors. Opponents of this motion argue that the current warming greatly supersedes what was experienced in the ancient period. Hence, there could be some external influence – human activities. A new ice age had been predicted decades ago based on the previous alternation between about 100,000 years of ice age and about 10,000 to 30,000 years of warm interglacial periods. Despite the earth completing its 10,000th interglacial year, this appears elusive (Mahli et al., 2008). Global warming has been predicted to exist in many decades to come (Turk & Bensel, 2011). There has been no measure to prove that the current warming results from global warming. It could therefore be a result of a shift in the planetary reflectivity of the earth thus increased absorption; internal climatic system variation that causes the transfer of heat from one region of the earth onto the atmosphere; or the sun’s increased output (Zahran et al., 2007). However, direct observation negates these arguments. Human beings being the cause of global warming have the power to stop it. Governments have exhibited commitment to reduce emissions by between 50 and 80 percent by the year 2050 (Turk &

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Assignment

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Assignment Example The elements of the general environment are the political systems, economic systems of societies, socio-cultural elements, technological systems of societies, ecological systems, and legal systems. The task environment is the segment of the external environment with which an organization interfaces on a regular basis and is of immediate interest to the organization. It is within the organization's control. The elements of the task environment are the customers and clients, competitors, suppliers, labor supply, government agencies, etc. Guinness is in the beer brewing industry founded in 1759, with breweries (by way of license arrangements) in almost 50 countries and exports to around 150 countries. Next, the beer industry's policies and decisions are analyzed with regards to political influences. This is followed by using Robert Miles's dimensions of corporate social responsiveness to determine the effectiveness of the industry's response. Lastly, recommendations for improvement in t he response of the industry are made. Alcohol is a dependence-producing drug that causes detrimental societal and physical effects. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), it leads to diseases, early mortality, accidents, and violent crimes. Due to these social influences, the beer industry operates within a tight legal environment. Legislation exists in various nations to curb the advertising and excessive consumption of alcohol. Examples include control on drunk driving, operation hours of pubs, advertising, distribution, and even import controls, such as in Sweden. Another external influence to which the beer industry is subjected is the economy. Beer as a luxury product  depends on the economy to stimulate demand. With the economic development of the developing nations, the demand for higher quality beverages, and hence beer is set to grow. Ecologically, beer brewing contributes to global warming by emitting carbon dioxide. The use and disposal of bottles and packagi ng also contribute to environmental pollution. Hence, beer brewing is a cause of concern for many environmentalists. Technological influence is not as great as political influence in the beer industry. No doubt, the proper application of technologies such as the brewing facilities and the bottling and packaging technology could help to cut costs and increase efficiencies. However, technologies may be imitated by competitors and any competitive advantages will soon disappear.

Participating in the Notre Dame executive MBA program Personal Statement

Participating in the Notre Dame executive MBA program - Personal Statement Example Her parents, even though they had no formal education themselves, understood its value, and worked long hours on the family farm so that they could raise enough money to pay her tuition. My Mum went on to be the first woman from her town to graduate from college, and later on also did her MBA from the University of The Hague in Holland. My Mum's example - her rise from a farm girl to a corporate woman - has constantly inspired me to strive for success both educationally and professionally.I have an undergraduate Degree in Engineering, which has provided me with excellent analytical skills and has enhanced my problem solving abilities. However, I have not had the opportunity so far, to study in depth, courses exploring business strategy and finance. In order to advance my career to its fullest potential I need to excel in these courses as well, apart from other areas of business.An MBA degree from Notre Dame University will equip me with the necessary knowledge and skills to develop m y capabilities. In business, decision-making must be done after careful thought, and not haphazardly. An MBA from Notre Dame will not only enable me to make balanced business decisions, but it will also give me access to information gathered by national and international experts on decisions made, that have yielded both positive and negative results. I also want to learn more about business strategy and put this knowledge into practice across a wide variety of situations. To be able to do this, I would like to take up a position in the Consulting and International Business Unit of my sponsoring company. Most of the employees working in this Department are MBA graduates. I would like to pursue an MBA both to make myself a competitive candidate for a position in this business unit, as well as to further develop my business acumen. As an Engineer for the last seven years, I have worked with international, cross-functional teams in high paced environments, with demanding deadlines, where my responsibilities have varied from taking care of highly technical projects to sales and business development functions. The versatility, analytical skills, teamwork and a wide knowledge of industry, which I have exhibited in my career, are some of the qualities I will bring to bear on my MBA program. Notre Dame's MBA program will allow me to develop my skills to fulfill my career objectives. It will also enable me to take advantage of resources that Notre Dame University offers, while simultaneously continuing my career in Chicago. A Notre Dame MBA will equip me with modern management tools, concepts and practical models that are not only appropriate for meeting current management challenges, but also adaptable to new and emerging situations. I will get to exercise teamwork, and analytical and leadership skills while discussing real-world business challenges. My decision-making and communication abilities will also be enhanced as I work with a diverse group of individuals to define goals, identify problems, and determine solutions to these challenges. The benefits of practical experience in my undergraduate education were immense, and I look forward to the exceptional learning opportunities at Notre Dame, for a continuation of the same. Apart from this, I am also attracted by the program's class size, which encourages a close-knit community where the students' strengths can easily be

Western Art Music | Analysis

Western Art Music | Analysis Western Art Music Western practices define art music as a musical tradition that is basically written, not transmitted by rote or in any recordings but preserved in the form of music notation. This art evolved prior to renaissance period in Europe and matured in romantic period. We can define the identity of an art work by its notated version. Earlier, the European art music was derived as a part of the traditional music. We can say that the art music concept refers to authentic and creative music. Here, I am going to describe the three famous western art music composers, who belong to the different historical periods. They are Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) and Alban Berg (1885-1935). Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Johann Sebastian Bach was born in year 1685 in Eisenach and was a craftsman. His father’s name was Johann Ambrosius Bach. He was an organist at St. Georges Church. His mother’s name was Maria Elisabetha Là ¤mmerhirt. His father Ambrosius taught him how to play violin and harpsichord. His relatives were professional musicians. Their posts ranged from church organists and musicians to composers. His uncle taught him the art of playing the organ. He was proud to his family’s achievement. His mother and father died in the year 1694, when he was only 10 years old. After his parents’ death, he moved away with his elder brother to Ohrdruf, where he learnt music (Geck Hargraves, 2006). His era was characterized by presence of composers who created work on the demand of employers. Bach focused on the different flavor of the music. In Weimar, as a court organist, he successfully produced organ works, and created music as desired by his patron who was the composer for the Prince of Anhalt-Cà ¶then. In Leipzig, Bach held the most long term and important position as a cantor in Church of St. Thomas. It should not be surprising that in this period, he wrote great church music. The demands from employers helped him to create work under various genres. He did work on sacred vocals that consist of 200 cantatas of church; other works consist of 20 cantatas which were under Secular vocal. Apart from this, his works comprise of music based on Orchestra, including 4 suites of orchestra, 6 Brandenburg Concertos, and for 1, 2, 3 and 4 harpsichords. 6 sonatas and partitas formed the part of unaccompanied violin under Chamber music. Bach Also composed key board music, which includes 2 volumes of Das wohltemperirte Clavier. Among the suites composed there were 6 French Suites, 6 English Suites, etc. In the field of organ music, he made contribution in about 150 chorale preludes, fantasias, toccatas, preludes, and fugues (Wolff, 2000). Bach had the quality of a student or an emulator. The music of his contemporaries constantly surrounded the composer. His study into their music gave an insight to him about the wide variety of personal and national styles as he was often engaged in the re-arranging of these pieces into different instrumental combinations. This was the unique work, which he carried all through his life thus integrating them into his own ideas. Bach had deep faith in his religion. Even his Bible was filled with various annotations and comments. These religious feelings can be very well felt in his music, which frequently strikes the listeners’ heart. Bach liked completeness in every task he did. His various works seem to move forward to attain completeness by exploring each imaginable possibility. The examples showing this attitude are two of his collections of preludes and fugues. In preparing them, Bach had made use of every possible major and minor key combinations. But this encyclopedic quality came out in his final works only. His mass in minor is a summation of his sacred style, which he redrafted from his previous pieces. Thus, to conclude, we can say that his music was unique because it constituted the human element in it (Williams, 2004). Ludwig Van Beethoven (1770-1824) The second composer chosen by me is Ludwig Van Beethoven. He was born on 16th December 1770, in the German town of Bonn in a musicians’ family. His father and grand father were also musicians. Till the age of eleven, his father acted as his teacher but after that he went under the guidance of the court organist C. G. Neefee. As soon as he reached the age of twelve he deputized Neefe. In this period, his first music notes were published. He remained the assistant of Neefe till the year 1787. Soon after this, at the small age of seventeen he went to Vienna. This time his visit was very short because of his mother’s illness. After five years, in 1792 he finally went to Vienna to earn his living (Powell, 1995, December). From the year 1792, he started learning composing and counter pointing under the able guidance of Salieri, Haydn, Albrechtsberger and Schenk. He simultaneously tried to establish himself as a composer and pianist. From the year 1800, Bethoven was trying hard to master the high classical style, so that he could impress the town Aristocrats. With the passage of time he was successful in establishing very good relations with them. These relations helped him secure his income for living. By the year 1809, the princes of the state, Prince Lobkowitz, Archduke Rudolp and Prince Kinsky were impressed by him and had guaranteed him yearly income. This period denoted the â€Å"early period† of his life (Cooper, 1991). From the start of the middle period, i.e. from 1809 to 1813, he enhanced and developed his high classical style into a more individualistic and dynamic style. By this time, he was able to write piano concert Nr.5, symphonies Nr. 3 – 8 and many other chamber music. At the negative side of his life, he came to know that his hearing power was being lost with the passage of time. This hearing impairment also broke his relations with the lady whom he loved. By the year 1812, his performances came to stand still because of his ailment. It was difficult for him to even handle public interaction. Some of his remember able music compositions were Symphony No.5 in C minor; Symphony No.9 in D minor â€Å"Choral†; Piano Sonata No.30 in E minor, first movement; Piano Sonata No.8 in C minor â€Å"Pathà ©tique†, Adagio cantabile and Piano Sonata No.14 in C-sharp minor â€Å"Moonlight†, Adagio sostenuto (Stanley, 2000). He lost his brother in the year 1815. After this, he tried to be in the custody of one of his nephew. Bethoven was now harassed on the matters related to this nephew. His relations with his nephew were also getting worse and he was unable to handle these circumstances; as a result, he tried to commit suicide in the year 1826. This period is also known as the late period of Bethoven’s music career. Having a fight with all these struggles along with his poverty, Ludwig Van Beethoven left the world on March 26, 1827. In the end, a brief summary of his life long contribution can be summarized year wise as following: 1800: His first Orchestral symphony; 1802: Orchestral symphony no. 2; 1803: No.3 â€Å"Eroica† orchestral symphony; 1804: a triple concerto (piano, violin, and cello), piano sonata Op.53 â€Å"Waldstein†; 1805: 1 opera, Fidelio; 1806: No.4 orchestral symphony, 1 concerto for violin, piano sonata Op.13 â€Å"Pathà ©tique†; 1808: No.6 â€Å"Pastoral† orchestral symphony; 1812: No.7 8 orchestral symphony;1816: song cycle â€Å"To the Distant Beloved† (An die ferne Geliebte); 1823: Choral music including Missa solemnis; 1824: The final â€Å"Choral† orchestral symphony (Cooper, 1991). Alban Berg (1885-1935) The First composer that I have chosen from contrasting historical periods is Alban Maria Johannes Berg. He was an Australian composer and was from the period of 19th century. Alban Maria Johannes Berg was born on 9th February, 1885 in Vienna. His father’s name was Conrad Berg, who was a positioned sales executive in the export trade. He belonged to Nuremberg but shifted to Vienna in the year 1867. His mother’s name was Johanna Anna Berg. Alban’s maternal grand father was a Viennese citizen (Bruhn, 1998). Conrad and Johanna Berg had four children. The eldest of them was Conrad. Charley was his second brother and he followed the steps of his father. Alban was third Child of his parents. The fourth Child was Smaragda. Smaragda and Alban were very close to each other (Perle, 1980). Alban’s mother Johanna was very vigorous and energetic person. Alban learnt more from his father rather than his mother. When Alban was a child he was more interested in literature rather than music. He began to compose when he was 15 years old. In the year 1903, he completed his education. Till the age of 19, he learnt the music on his own. In the year 1904, he became the associate member of second Viennese school Arnold and Anton Webern. He studied about counterpoint, music theory, and harmony with Arnold Schoenberg. He studied music for full-time by the year 1906. Alban met the singer Helene Nahowski, daughter of a wealthy family in the year 1906 (Perle, 1980). In the year 1907, he became composer. He also inscribed songs, which included his Seven Early Songs; three out of which were Bergs first openly performed work in a concert. This also featured the music of Schoenbergs pupils in Vienna. Arnold Schoenberg seems to be the most prominent person in his life. He spent 6 years with Arnold. Till 1911, he worked and studied with him. Alban Berg used to admire Arnold Schoenberg as a musician and teacher. They remained close acquaintances lifelong. Both of them developed an idea of developing variation. Alban passed the idea to his students (Bruhn, 1998). The society in which he grew up was of very helpful nature. Alban’s social environment consists of the watercolorist Gustav Klimt, the author and comedian Karl Kraus, the architect Adolf Loos, the poet Peter Altenberg, and the musical group Alexander von Zemlinsky and Franz Schreker. In the year 1913, two songs of Bergs were on Picture Postcard Texts (Perle, 1980). The music of Alban explains and demonstrates better than any other individual composer. Alban engaged a lyrical and harmonic language that resemble to the romantic style. He was the most advanced composer of this style. For the work, Alban Berg moved from a rather tonal approach to a purely atonal style. Alban created a rich mix of styles and approaches which included the language that ranges from post-romantic to purely atonal, free mixing of popular and folk elements. Alban Berg’ romantic tonal works gave ways to growing atonality and to 12-tone composition. Alban’s other works included two string quartets. His work included the Lyric Suite in year 1926; Three Pieces for Orchestra in year 1915; Orchestral music which includes Chamber Concerto in year 1925. One of his works Lulu (Opera) remained unfinished due to his death. For 3 years, i.e. 1915 to 1917, Alban served the Austrian Army. In the year 1917 he started to work for his first Opera (Wozzeck). An opera is an art in which singers and musical group perform a theatrical work. After 1920, he started to teach private pupils of Vienna. Alban’s most appreciated work is his mournful Violin Concerto, quotations from historical tonal music which includes a Bach singing group and Carinthian folk song. Alban Berg passed away in year 1935 in Vienna, on Christmas Eve. He died of blood poisoning that was caused by an insect bite. He was 50 years old at that time (Schmalfeldt, 1991). Conclusion The study of these composers reveals that they have made significant contributions in the field of western art music. Though, they all have different inspirational background but still their work in the field of sacred vocal, orchestral suits are remarkable. For example Bach made great contribution as an organist in secular vocal and composed different suits of orchestra. Bethoven was the musician having both romantic and classical styles. He was a new composer of the new age with high energy. His involvement in controversies also made him the most interesting of all great composers. The work of Alban Berg includes the two operas. The first one was Wozzeck and the second was the Lulu. His intention behind this was to include the technique of composition, which means to give theater what belongs to theater. His aim was to compose good music to develop musical content of drama and to translate poetic language into music.

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War Essay -- History

Cuban Missile Crisis: The Brink of Global Nuclear War The Cuban Missile Crisis had a huge impact on society even years after it was resolved because the incident had brought our nation and the world so close to the brink of nuclear war. Before the Cuban Missile Crisis had occurred, many other factors had been piling up and building undesirable tensions between many countries. Along the way new allies and enemies were made causing more stress to the Cold War. The new bonds that formed after Cuba was taken over by Fidel Castro pushed nuclear war to the very edge. Many changes in Cuba caused tensions to mount between the United States, Cuba, and Russia. At the time before the Bay of Pigs incident, Cuba had a corrupt dictator that ruled the people without giving them much freedom. President Fulgencio Batista was an ally to the United States because American companies that were based in Cuba did not have many restrictions. Many wealthy Americans owned plantations on the island of Cuba because of the lack of restrictions. This all changed in 1959 when Fidel Castro took over. Castro wanted to limit American influence and cut ties with the United States. Castro quickly made attempts to be allies with the Soviets. For Castro's attempt to woo the Soviets, the United States stopped the importing of sugar from Cuba. Cuba's economy would have suffered terribly if they could not find a buyer. The Soviets agreed to buy all of the sugar. After this the United States cut off all relations with Cuba. The United States and Cuba were no l onger allies even though they were only separated by a mere 100 miles. While the Cold War loomed over the heads of the world, the President of the United States tried to think of way... ...ry.navy.mil/faqs/faq90-1.htm>. Naval Historical Center, 1993. "Cuban Missile Crisis - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum." John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. . Web. . Web. through . Web. Pike, John. â€Å"Cold War in the 1960s†. 2012. ops/cold-war-1960s.htm>. Web. â€Å"Limited Test Ban Treaty.† U.S. Department of State. January 22, 2012. . Sting. "Russians." The Dream of the Blue Turtles. A & M Records, 1985. Vinyl. Berkin. Making America : A History of the United States. Wadsworth, 2012. P. 354

Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi â€Å"To make justice visible in the land to destroy the wicked person and the evil-doer, that the strong might not injure the weak. † The Code of Hammurabi was a law code written by King Hammurabi. The code was carved in a black pillar and was placed in a temple. This was so the entire village had knowledge of it. It was written sometime between 1792 to 1750 B. C. E. and was partly based off of the Code of Lipit-Ishtar.People in the 1700’s were punished, although punishments weren’t meant to exceed the crime, women had less rights and lower social standing then men, and they highly valued family. â€Å"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth,† represents a harsh sense of justice based on revenge. King Hammurabi made his laws this way to prevent crimes from happening. Once a person knew penalty of a crime the likelihood of the person committing a crime greatly decreased. Also, he wanted this all people were not viewed as equals.The punishments for the same crime committed by a free man versus a slave were incredibly harsher towards the slave. â€Å"If a man knocked out the tooth of a man that is equal his tooth shall be knocked out,† whereas if a slave had knocked out the tooth of a free man he would have to pay one third of mina of silver. King Hammurabi may have wanted quality but he did not achieve it through his laws. Woman may have played important roles in the Babylonian society, but they certainty were not treated this way.The Hammurabi Code is extremely gender bias towards women, the laws were meant to control the woman in the society. Women were viewed more as an arranged contract between the woman’s father and her suitor. â€Å"If a man has taken a wife and has not executed a marriage contract, that woman is not his wife. † If a wife is caught cheating in the act she can be strangled or become her husbands’ slave, whereas if a husband is caught cheating he has to pay said wife. Clearly, women were treated unfairly compared to men in this society.These laws were considered family laws. Family was the basic unit of daily life. Laws required deep respect towards parents. â€Å"If a son struck his father, his hands shall be cut off. † Hammurabi Code forbids incest. It states â€Å"if a man has committed incest with his daughter, that men shall be banished from the city. † Babylonian Society was very concerned about gender, class, and family. Women were viewed more as possessions then people. Women didn’t get to pick their husband; their father chose and made the arrangements with their future husband.A white male had a higher standing in society than a black man. If a white man and a black man committed the same crime, the black man would face worse consequences. You cannot disown your children legally, unless the said child committed a grave misdemeanor. The most concerned problem for Babylonian society was people lying in trial to a Judge. In most cases punishment for this was death, a serious problem that results in a serious punishment. The Code of Hammurabi showed the types of crimes they had thousands of years ago.

Puritanism In The Scarlet Letter Essays - English-language Films

Puritanism In The Scarlet Letter Essays - English-language Films Puritanism In The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne expresses the aspects of relationships, religion, community, discipline and punishment in the puritan community of 17th century Boston. Relationships between men and women were very constrained and that is what made adultery such a bad sin in the eyes of everyone in the community. Religion seemed to govern over all, people would look up to reverends and the community believed that fate was their destiny. Public discipline and punishment were used to discourage everyone else from committing the same crime or sin as the offending criminal did. The community was to follow the beliefs of god and to do their duties the best they could, yet were there to criticize and punish all who disobeyed the religion or laws. In 17th century Boston every thing was very strict and everyone was expected to follow the laws, which makes Hester's sin such an excellent example of the beliefs of that time period. The first scaffold scene is very important because the scene sums up the beliefs of the general public at that time, and gives a prospective of what Hester Prynne must deal with. In the beginning of chapter two the scene is described as it could have betokened nothing short of the anticipated execution of some noted culprit,(47) showing that the whole town was there for a ruthless public punishment. The crowd was not there for an execution though, but there for a public punishment of Hester Prynne who had committed adultery. A townsman describes Hester's punishment to a stranger as, they have doomed Mistress Prynne to stand only a space of three hours on the platform of the pillory, and then thereafter, for the remainder of her natural life, to wear a mark of shame upon her bosom.(58) This scene shows the weight of values and morals upon society in the 17th century and how public punishment was not only used as punishment but as a way to discourage others from committing the same crime. The community was key in this punishment because it helped alienate Hester and further her pain. The punishment brings forth Hester's underlying pain, [Hester] sent forth a cry she turned her eyes downward at the scarlet letter, and even touched it with her finger, to assure herself that the infant and the shame were real.(55) This pain only breaks surface once, yet throughout the whole story Hester must deal with the shame and emotional pain of the scarlet letter. The stranger sums it up best with the quotation, Thus she will be a living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone. Since religion was such a key part of their lives, anyone who did disobey their god was looked down upon. What made religion ironic in this story was how everyone looked up to a reverend that had committed the same sin as someone they looked down upon severely. Dimmesdale says, before the judgment-seat, thy mother, and thou, and I, must stand together! But daylight of this world shall not see our meeting!(134) The reverend knows his sin and wants be punished with Hester and Pearl, yet not until what he calls judgement day. In the 17th century, Puritans believed that there was a stern God who had decreed in advance the fate of each person for all time. Therefore, there was not much people felt they could do to become a better person in God's eyes but do his biding with their jobs. To increase their chances of getting to go to heaven the townspeople would often get one step closer to God by getting close to a religious leader, which was bad for Arthur Dimmesdale who was probably farther away from God than everyone else because of his sin. Relationships were looked upon as something sacred and a woman should be loyal to her husband. Once married it was considered a horrible offense if you were un-loyal to your spouse. They have not been bold to put force the extremity of our righteous law against her. The penalty therefor is death.(58) A townsman explains that the penalty is death for her crime (showing the harshness of the 17th century), yet that the other party in the affair must have played a strong role in tempting her, so they just sentenced her to the letter on her chest and three hours on the scaffold. The stranger shows how most people reacted when only seeing one of the

homosexual education essays

homosexual education essays Teaching sex education in public schools alone has become a very controversial subject with some parents and other community members. So one can only imagine the reaction to teaching about homosexual lifestyles as part of the sex education program. There are basically two different views on the subject of homosexuality. Some people are perfectly okay with it, while others cringe at the thought. Many parents would be highly upset if their child came home from school one day and said, "Mommy, guess what? We got to learn about homosexuals today. Ms. Conner said we are supposed to accept them no matter what their sexual behavior. Why did you and daddy tell me it was bad? Ms. Conner said it was okay." The issue of teaching homosexuality in the sex education curriculum is important because it affects all of our children. Some of us may not have our own children, but most of us have children in our life which we care about deeply, such as nieces, nephews, and god children. Sometimes the public schools overstep their boundaries when teaching young children subjects such as homosexuality. For example, in Provincetown, Massachusetts, the school board has voted to begin teaching preschoolers about homosexual lifestyles. They also want to back hiring preferences for sexual minorities ( Clinton's homosexual agenda 2). There is also a school in New York City that have told their students they must come to an assembly for two days in a row to talk about how normal homosexuality is, and how indecent, undemocratic, and homophobic it is to have any negative views of such sexual functioning (Socarides 3). It is hard for me to accept this type of teaching in the public schoo l. When it comes to learning about homosexual lifestyles, I believe a child should be aware that these types of people are in the world, but I would never condone the matter. I would also never discriminate against homosexuals. Children should never ...

Dq-6.2---Sheila Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dq-6.2---Sheila - Essay Example It is done by ensuring that the value demanded by the consumers and the population is met appropriately. Apple products like mobile phones and laptops are a good example of products and services that meet the needs of its consumers (Goetsch, 2012). Through an orderly approach of organising the workflow of an organisation, organisations are able to move at a similar pace with the current needs of its products and services consumers. Organisations do so by keeping a reliable account of the consumer complaints of the flaws in other similar gadgets and services. Apple producer was able to manage well its business process which ensured that they have been able to meet the demands of its products consumer. By doing a good market research and reacting to various consumer feedbacks, they are the highest ranked mobile phone and laptop producers (Page, 2011). Ideology critics are the term used about the Frankfurt School of critical and social theory thinkers among them Habermas. The term helps one identify how unfair basic beliefs, favourably acknowledged are in everyday practices and situations rooted. Ideologies are so obvious, yet hard to challenge (Holliday, 2011). They are able to challenge the already existing ideologies among people and root oppositely different ideologies. They identify weaknesses and even flaws in a particular set of products and services. They can even influence a consumers preference by stating to them a different ideology (Page, 2011). They cannot completely change the ideologies practiced by people completely or even a very large number at the same time. It might even take them a very long time to convince their target group to change a single mind-set. They believe that they have powerful, convincing power that can transform an individual within a short period because they are aware of the needs of the target consumers. They can transform many, if they convince them

Short critical refelction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short critical refelction paper - Essay Example I know many teenagers who can download movies, post to Facebook, find a YouTube video and more, but the minute they need to learn something there is a lack of knowledge. Am I wrong here? What would the author of the textbook say? Explain. Without a doubt, with every new interface and technology innovation comes a lack of knowledge even amongst teens. However, teens are more likely to take interest in these things and investigate these matters even more. Hence, teenagers become experts at the technological sphere. Most teenagers learn something through other friend and through trial and error. In addition, most teenagers lack the ideals of coding, C++ and other key computer languages that make social networking susceptible. Some teenagers even feel threatened with the new technology and are reluctant to adapt it. The younger generation is not tech savvy as expected as they will miss out on some key pieces of essential information that comes with new technology. The author of the textbook agrees with all the principles and insists that there is a culture difference and not an age factor. The advent of the 21st century has no doubt made improvements in technology. However, crimes have also become more sophisticated as well. Gaining access to information has become drastically happy. Personal information can be easily fallen in the wrong hands which can be detrimental to individuals. The major types of cybercrime can be fraud and identity theft. Identity theft occurs to 9.91 million Americans whose losses accumulated to a hefty $52.6 billion. In order to prevent identity theft, it is critical that one does not provide personal information to unreliable sources. Furthermore, a user must be aware of phishing and other suspicious email that asks individuals of personal information. Lastly, there are many scams that are also available in popular sites such as craigslist and careerbuilder. Most of these scams do not give their name or a telephone number.